EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

Automatic Data Processing Inc., economic profit calculation

USD $ in thousands

	12 months ended	Jun 30, 2019	Jun 30, 2018	Jun 30, 2017	Jun 30, 2016	Jun 30, 2015	Jun 30, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09), 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03), 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04), 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05), 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07), 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

2019 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Automatic Data Processing Inc.’s economic profit declined from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Automatic Data Processing Inc., NOPAT calculation

USD $ in thousands

	12 months ended	Jun 30, 2019	Jun 30, 2018	Jun 30, 2017	Jun 30, 2016	Jun 30, 2015	Jun 30, 2014
	Net earnings
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues³
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁴
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁵
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁶
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁷
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Interest income on corporate funds
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁸
	Investment income, after taxes⁹
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax¹⁰
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09), 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03), 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04), 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05), 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07), 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

2019 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenues.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings.

⁵ Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁶ Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁷ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings.

⁸ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁹ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

¹⁰ Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Automatic Data Processing Inc.’s NOPAT declined from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Automatic Data Processing Inc., cash operating taxes calculation

USD $ in thousands

	12 months ended	Jun 30, 2019	Jun 30, 2018	Jun 30, 2017	Jun 30, 2016	Jun 30, 2015	Jun 30, 2014
	Provision for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09), 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03), 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04), 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05), 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07), 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Automatic Data Processing Inc.’s cash operating taxes declined from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 not reaching 2017 level.

Automatic Data Processing Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

USD $ in thousands

		Jun 30, 2019	Jun 30, 2018	Jun 30, 2017	Jun 30, 2016	Jun 30, 2015	Jun 30, 2014
	Obligations under reverse repurchase agreements
	Obligations under commercial paper borrowings
	Long-term debt
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	Deferred revenues⁴
	Equity equivalents⁵
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁶
	Adjusted stockholders’ equity
	Marketable securities⁷
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09), 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03), 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04), 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05), 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07), 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of deferred revenues.

⁵ Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.

⁶ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁷ Subtraction of marketable securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Automatic Data Processing Inc.’s invested capital declined from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Automatic Data Processing Inc., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09).

¹ USD $ in thousands

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 28.10%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 28.10%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03).

¹ USD $ in thousands

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04).

¹ USD $ in thousands

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05).

¹ USD $ in thousands

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07).

¹ USD $ in thousands

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

¹ USD $ in thousands

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »

Automatic Data Processing Inc., economic spread calculation

		Jun 30, 2019	Jun 30, 2018	Jun 30, 2017	Jun 30, 2016	Jun 30, 2015	Jun 30, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (USD $ in thousands)
	Economic profit¹
	Invested capital²
	Ratio
	Economic spread³

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09), 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03), 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04), 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05), 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07), 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

2019 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Invested capital. See Details »

³ Economic spread = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic spread	The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital.	Automatic Data Processing Inc.’s economic spread deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 but then improved from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Automatic Data Processing Inc., economic profit margin calculation

		Jun 30, 2019	Jun 30, 2018	Jun 30, 2017	Jun 30, 2016	Jun 30, 2015	Jun 30, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (USD $ in thousands)
	Economic profit¹
	Revenues
	Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues
	Adjusted revenues
	Ratio
	Economic profit margin²

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-08-09), 10-K (filing date: 2018-08-03), 10-K (filing date: 2017-08-04), 10-K (filing date: 2016-08-05), 10-K (filing date: 2015-08-07), 10-K (filing date: 2014-08-08).

2019 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic profit margin	The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin.	Automatic Data Processing Inc.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 but then improved from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

	Automatic Data Processing Inc.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
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Long-term Trends
Analysis
Financial Reporting Quality

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Common-Size Financial Statements
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Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
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Analysis
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Automatic Data Processing Inc. (ADP)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

Jun 30, 2019

Jun 30, 2018

Jun 30, 2017

Jun 30, 2016

Jun 30, 2015

Jun 30, 2014

Economic Spread

Economic Profit Margin