Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Oracle Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Return on Capital (ROC)
- Total Asset Turnover since 2005
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
- Analysis of Income Taxes
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Economic Profit
Oracle Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | May 31, 2021 | May 31, 2020 | May 31, 2019 | May 31, 2018 | May 31, 2017 | May 31, 2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | |||||||
| Cost of capital2 | |||||||
| Invested capital3 | |||||||
| Economic profit4 | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | Oracle Corp. economic profit decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then increased from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Oracle Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful trade receivables.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenues.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring plans accrued.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
6 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
7 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
9 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
10 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | Oracle Corp. NOPAT decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then increased from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Cash Operating Taxes
Oracle Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | Oracle Corp. cash operating taxes increased from 2019 to 2020 but then decreased significantly from 2020 to 2021. |
Invested Capital
Oracle Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenues.
5 Addition of restructuring plans accrued.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to total Oracle Corporation stockholders’ equity.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of construction in progress.
9 Subtraction of marketable securities.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | Oracle Corp. invested capital increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021. |
Cost of Capital
Oracle Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Borrowings3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Borrowings. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Borrowings3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Borrowings. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Borrowings3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Borrowings. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Borrowings3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 29.20%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 29.20%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Borrowings. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Borrowings3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Borrowings. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Borrowings3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Borrowings. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Oracle Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| May 31, 2021 | May 31, 2020 | May 31, 2019 | May 31, 2018 | May 31, 2017 | May 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Invested capital2 | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | |||||||
| Adobe Inc. | |||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | |||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | |||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | |||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | |||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | |||||||
| Intuit Inc. | |||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | |||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | |||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | |||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | |||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | |||||||
| Visa Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | Oracle Corp. economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 but then improved from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Economic Profit Margin
Oracle Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| May 31, 2021 | May 31, 2020 | May 31, 2019 | May 31, 2018 | May 31, 2017 | May 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Revenues | |||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues | |||||||
| Adjusted revenues | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | |||||||
| Adobe Inc. | |||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | |||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | |||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | |||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | |||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | |||||||
| Intuit Inc. | |||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | |||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | |||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | |||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | |||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | |||||||
| Visa Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-05-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-05-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | Oracle Corp. economic profit margin deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 but then improved from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |