EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread Ratio
Economic Profit Margin

Oracle Corp., economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25), 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

¹ NOPAT. See details »

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

<>⁴ 2019 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
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–

×

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Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Oracle Corp.’s economic profit declined from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Oracle Corp., NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Net income
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful trade receivables²
	Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues³
	Increase (decrease) in restructuring plans accrued⁴
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁵
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁶
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁷
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁸
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁹
	Investment income, after taxes¹⁰
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25), 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful trade receivables.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenues.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring plans accrued.

⁵ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.

⁶ 2019 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁷ 2019 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁸ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.

⁹ 2019 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

¹⁰ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Oracle Corp.’s NOPAT declined from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Oracle Corp., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Provision for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25), 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Oracle Corp.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2017 to 2018 but then declined significantly from 2018 to 2019.

Oracle Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Notes payable and other borrowings, current
	Notes payable and other borrowings, non-current
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total Oracle Corporation stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowances for doubtful trade receivables³
	Deferred revenues⁴
	Restructuring plans accrued⁵
	Equity equivalents⁶
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁷
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted total Oracle Corporation stockholders’ equity
	Construction in progress⁸
	Marketable securities⁹
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25), 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of deferred revenues.

⁵ Addition of restructuring plans accrued.

⁶ Addition of equity equivalents to total Oracle Corporation stockholders’ equity.

⁷ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁸ Subtraction of construction in progress.

⁹ Subtraction of marketable securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Oracle Corp.’s invested capital declined from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

Oracle Corp., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 29.20%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 29.20%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Oracle Corp., economic spread ratio calculation

		May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Invested capital²
	Performance Ratio
	Economic spread ratio³

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25), 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

¹ Economic profit. See details »

² Invested capital. See details »

³ 2019 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Performance ratio	Description	The company
Economic spread ratio	The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital.	Oracle Corp.’s economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 but then improved from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

Oracle Corp., economic profit margin calculation

		May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Revenues
	Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues
	Adjusted revenues
	Performance Ratio
	Economic profit margin²

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2017-06-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-06-22), 10-K (filing date: 2015-06-25), 10-K (filing date: 2014-06-26).

¹ Economic profit. See details »

² 2019 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Performance ratio	Description	The company
Economic profit margin	The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin.	Oracle Corp.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 but then improved from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level.

	Oracle Corp.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
Financial Statements
Common-Size Financial Statements
Analysis of Financial Ratios
Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Long-term Trends
Analysis of Components of Financial Statements
Financial Reporting Quality

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Financial Statements
Common-Size Financial Statements
Analysis of Financial Ratios
Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Long-term Trends
Analysis of Components of Financial Statements
Financial Reporting Quality

Oracle Corp. (ORCL)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

May 31, 2019

May 31, 2018

May 31, 2017

May 31, 2016

May 31, 2015

May 31, 2014

Economic Spread Ratio

Economic Profit Margin