Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Salesforce Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2026 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 12,319 – 19.80% × 96,559 = -6,801
The financial performance regarding economic value added demonstrates a consistent failure to generate positive economic profit over the observed period, although a clear trajectory toward recovery is evident in the final three years.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibited significant volatility, characterized by a sharp decline to 1,931 million USD in 2023. Following this trough, a strong upward trend emerged, with profits accelerating to 12,319 million USD by January 31, 2026, indicating a substantial increase in operational earnings power in the latter half of the period.
- Invested Capital and Cost of Capital
- Invested capital increased steadily from 53,200 million USD in 2021 to 96,559 million USD in 2026, with the most significant expansion occurring between 2021 and 2022. Concurrently, the cost of capital remained highly stable, fluctuating minimally around the 20% threshold, which suggests a consistent risk profile and cost of funding throughout the analysis period.
- Economic Profit Analysis
- Economic profit remained negative throughout the entire duration, signifying that the returns generated from operations were insufficient to cover the cost of the capital employed. The deficit widened from -6,624 million USD in 2021 to a peak loss of -14,831 million USD in 2023, coinciding with the drop in NOPAT and the expansion of the capital base. However, a consistent recovery is observed from 2024 onward, with the economic profit improving to -6,801 million USD by 2026, driven by the rapid growth in NOPAT outpacing the growth in invested capital.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Salesforce Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in unearned revenue.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2026 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 2,737 × 3.40% = 93
5 2026 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 417 × 21.00% = 88
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibited considerable fluctuation over the observed period. While net income experienced volatility, NOPAT demonstrates a distinct pattern of initial stability, a significant decline, and subsequent strong recovery and growth.
- Initial Stability (2021-2022)
- NOPAT remained relatively consistent between 2021 and 2022, registering values of US$4,388 million and US$4,442 million respectively. This suggests a period of stable operational profitability before considering the impact of financing costs and taxes.
- Significant Decline (2023)
- A substantial decrease in NOPAT occurred in 2023, falling to US$1,931 million. This represents a significant contraction in operating profitability after taxes, considerably lower than the preceding two years. This decline is more pronounced than the decrease observed in net income during the same period.
- Recovery and Growth (2024-2026)
- Following the decline, NOPAT experienced a robust recovery, increasing to US$5,317 million in 2024. This upward trend continued, with NOPAT reaching US$7,014 million in 2025 and culminating in a substantial value of US$12,319 million in 2026. This indicates a strong resurgence in core operational profitability.
- Relationship to Net Income
- While NOPAT and net income generally move in the same direction, the magnitude of change differs. The decline in 2023 was more severe for NOPAT than for net income, and the subsequent recovery in NOPAT appears to be accelerating relative to net income growth. This divergence suggests changes in the company’s capital structure or non-operating items are influencing net income to a greater extent than operating performance.
The observed trend in NOPAT suggests a period of operational challenges in 2023 followed by a successful turnaround and a period of strong operational performance through 2026. Further investigation into the factors driving the 2023 decline and the subsequent recovery would be beneficial.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Salesforce Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes demonstrates significant fluctuation over the observed period. Initially, a substantial benefit was recorded in 2021, followed by a return to a provision in subsequent years, with a consistent upward trend from 2022 through 2025. Cash operating taxes also exhibit an increasing trend, though with more pronounced year-over-year growth.
- Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
- In 2021, a benefit of US$1,511 million was recorded, indicating a reduction in tax liabilities, potentially due to tax loss carryforwards or other tax credits. This was followed by a provision of US$88 million in 2022, suggesting a shift towards taxable income. The provision increased steadily to US$452 million in 2023, US$814 million in 2024, and reached US$1,241 million in 2025. This consistent increase suggests growing profitability and a reduced reliance on tax benefits. The provision is projected to further increase to US$2,063 million in 2026.
- Cash operating taxes
- Cash operating taxes began at US$322 million in 2021 and increased to US$403 million in 2022, representing a moderate growth rate. The increase accelerated in 2023 to US$868 million, and continued to US$1,635 million in 2024. A further substantial increase to US$2,531 million is observed in 2025. However, a decrease to US$1,192 million is projected for 2026. This final decrease could be attributable to various factors, including changes in tax laws, tax planning strategies, or a shift in the geographic distribution of income.
- Relationship between Provision and Cash Taxes
- The difference between the provision for income taxes and cash operating taxes indicates the impact of non-cash tax items, such as deferred tax assets and liabilities. In 2021, the significant difference reflects the large tax benefit, while the cash taxes paid were relatively low. As the provision increased from 2022 onwards, the gap between the provision and cash taxes narrowed, suggesting a greater alignment between reported tax expense and actual cash outflows. The projected decrease in cash taxes in 2026, despite a continued increase in the provision, warrants further investigation to understand the underlying drivers.
Overall, the trend suggests a transition from utilizing tax benefits to paying increasingly substantial cash taxes, reflecting improved financial performance. The projected decline in cash operating taxes in 2026 is a notable deviation from the preceding trend and merits further scrutiny.
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Invested Capital
Salesforce Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of unearned revenue.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of marketable securities.
The reported invested capital demonstrates a consistent upward trajectory over the observed period. While fluctuations exist in the components contributing to invested capital, the overall trend indicates increasing financial resources deployed within the business. A detailed examination of the underlying elements reveals specific patterns.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- Total reported debt and leases experienced a substantial increase between 2021 and 2022, nearly doubling from US$6,413 million to US$14,370 million. Subsequent years show some moderation, with a decrease in 2024 to US$12,070 million, before rising again to US$17,711 million in 2026. This suggests periods of aggressive debt financing followed by potential deleveraging or reinvestment of debt proceeds.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Stockholders’ equity exhibited a steady increase from US$41,493 million in 2021 to US$61,173 million in 2025. A slight decrease is observed in 2026, settling at US$59,142 million. This growth indicates increasing retained earnings and/or capital contributions from shareholders, contributing to a stronger equity base.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital, calculated as the sum of total reported debt & leases and stockholders’ equity, increased from US$53,200 million in 2021 to US$96,559 million in 2026. The rate of increase was most pronounced between 2021 and 2022, mirroring the significant rise in debt. While growth continued in subsequent years, the pace moderated. The consistent expansion of invested capital suggests ongoing investment in operations and strategic initiatives.
The interplay between debt and equity in funding invested capital is noteworthy. The initial surge in invested capital appears heavily reliant on debt financing, while later periods demonstrate a more balanced contribution from both debt and equity. The observed fluctuations in debt levels warrant further investigation to understand the underlying drivers and associated financial implications.
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Cost of Capital
Salesforce Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 178,093) | 178,093) | ÷ | 194,065) | = | 0.92 | 0.92 | × | 21.33% | = | 19.58% | ||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | 13,235) | 13,235) | ÷ | 194,065) | = | 0.07 | 0.07 | × | 3.46% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.19% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 2,737) | 2,737) | ÷ | 194,065) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 3.40% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.04% | ||
| Total: | 194,065) | 1.00 | 19.80% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 280,583) | 280,583) | ÷ | 290,820) | = | 0.96 | 0.96 | × | 21.33% | = | 20.58% | ||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | 7,278) | 7,278) | ÷ | 290,820) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 2.78% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.05% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 2,959) | 2,959) | ÷ | 290,820) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 3.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.03% | ||
| Total: | 290,820) | 1.00 | 20.66% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 294,657) | 294,657) | ÷ | 306,593) | = | 0.96 | 0.96 | × | 21.33% | = | 20.50% | ||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | 8,774) | 8,774) | ÷ | 306,593) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 2.56% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.06% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 3,162) | 3,162) | ÷ | 306,593) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 2.90% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 306,593) | 1.00 | 20.58% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 182,950) | 182,950) | ÷ | 196,210) | = | 0.93 | 0.93 | × | 21.33% | = | 19.89% | ||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | 9,773) | 9,773) | ÷ | 196,210) | = | 0.05 | 0.05 | × | 2.54% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.10% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 3,487) | 3,487) | ÷ | 196,210) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 2.60% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.04% | ||
| Total: | 196,210) | 1.00 | 20.03% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 195,921) | 195,921) | ÷ | 210,181) | = | 0.93 | 0.93 | × | 21.33% | = | 19.89% | ||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | 10,871) | 10,871) | ÷ | 210,181) | = | 0.05 | 0.05 | × | 2.55% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.10% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 3,389) | 3,389) | ÷ | 210,181) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 2.10% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.03% | ||
| Total: | 210,181) | 1.00 | 20.02% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 196,284) | 196,284) | ÷ | 203,010) | = | 0.97 | 0.97 | × | 21.33% | = | 20.63% | ||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | 3,118) | 3,118) | ÷ | 203,010) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 3.47% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.04% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 3,608) | 3,608) | ÷ | 203,010) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 2.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.03% | ||
| Total: | 203,010) | 1.00 | 20.70% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Salesforce Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jan 31, 2026 | Jan 31, 2025 | Jan 31, 2024 | Jan 31, 2023 | Jan 31, 2022 | Jan 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (6,801) | (10,670) | (12,038) | (14,831) | (11,960) | (6,624) | |
| Invested capital2 | 96,559) | 85,579) | 84,311) | 83,692) | 81,940) | 53,200) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | -7.04% | -12.47% | -14.28% | -17.72% | -14.60% | -12.45% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | — | 0.65% | 0.29% | 1.07% | 3.94% | 5.76% | |
| Adobe Inc. | — | 13.13% | 0.84% | 1.01% | 6.51% | 8.89% | |
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 28.12% | 0.41% | -20.71% | -26.87% | -30.28% | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | — | -1.20% | -2.79% | 7.26% | 6.67% | 6.88% | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | -12.74% | -13.27% | -8.34% | -4.60% | -7.90% | -10.16% | |
| Datadog Inc. | — | -8.82% | -9.51% | -6.04% | -11.79% | -3.97% | |
| International Business Machines Corp. | — | -0.62% | -7.46% | -3.42% | -11.18% | -6.05% | |
| Intuit Inc. | — | -5.20% | -8.87% | -10.90% | -9.75% | -2.22% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | — | 7.74% | 9.62% | 12.66% | 20.63% | 29.66% | |
| Oracle Corp. | — | -4.37% | -4.37% | -5.29% | -4.60% | 3.54% | |
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 41.56% | -12.35% | -9.08% | -32.82% | -40.27% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | — | -3.99% | 5.20% | 11.33% | 3.37% | -5.32% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | — | 2.76% | 6.04% | 5.33% | 0.82% | 2.04% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | — | -12.36% | -8.10% | -7.40% | -0.81% | -6.83% | |
| Workday Inc. | -9.53% | -11.63% | -13.03% | -19.26% | -14.09% | -19.34% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2026 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -6,801 ÷ 96,559 = -7.04%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2021 to 2026 indicates a period of initial economic value erosion followed by a consistent recovery trend. While the organization failed to achieve positive economic profit during the analyzed timeframe, the trajectory suggests a significant narrowing of the gap between the returns generated and the cost of capital.
- Economic Profit Trends
- A deepening deficit is observed from 2021 to 2023, with economic profit declining from -6,624 million USD to a peak loss of -14,831 million USD. However, a reversal occurred after January 2023, with losses steadily reducing over the subsequent three years to reach -6,801 million USD by January 2026.
- Invested Capital Growth
- There was a sharp increase in invested capital between 2021 and 2022, rising from 53,200 million USD to 81,940 million USD. This capital base remained relatively stable through 2025, before experiencing another notable increase to 96,559 million USD in 2026.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio mirrors the trajectory of economic profit, reflecting a decline from -12.45% in 2021 to its lowest point of -17.72% in 2023. A consistent recovery followed, with the ratio improving to -7.04% by January 2026. This trend indicates that while the return on invested capital remained below the cost of capital, the efficiency of capital utilization improved significantly in the latter half of the period.
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Economic Profit Margin
Salesforce Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jan 31, 2026 | Jan 31, 2025 | Jan 31, 2024 | Jan 31, 2023 | Jan 31, 2022 | Jan 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (6,801) | (10,670) | (12,038) | (14,831) | (11,960) | (6,624) | |
| Revenues | 41,525) | 37,895) | 34,857) | 31,352) | 26,492) | 21,252) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenue | 3,574) | 1,740) | 1,627) | 1,748) | 3,021) | 1,945) | |
| Adjusted revenues | 45,099) | 39,635) | 36,484) | 33,100) | 29,513) | 23,197) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | -15.08% | -26.92% | -33.00% | -44.81% | -40.53% | -28.55% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | — | 0.42% | 0.16% | 0.55% | 1.90% | 2.95% | |
| Adobe Inc. | — | 11.88% | 0.96% | 1.27% | 7.58% | 11.08% | |
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 28.90% | 0.39% | -28.35% | -50.32% | -60.62% | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | — | -1.80% | -4.28% | 7.23% | 6.65% | 6.99% | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | -21.35% | -21.84% | -13.08% | -6.18% | -12.37% | -21.10% | |
| Datadog Inc. | — | -5.24% | -8.64% | -3.78% | -8.16% | -3.15% | |
| International Business Machines Corp. | — | -1.11% | -13.19% | -6.10% | -19.37% | -11.51% | |
| Intuit Inc. | — | -6.71% | -13.62% | -17.86% | -18.77% | -2.82% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | — | 11.54% | 13.45% | 14.42% | 19.77% | 24.62% | |
| Oracle Corp. | — | -8.76% | -8.31% | -10.23% | -8.44% | 7.01% | |
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 21.53% | -10.72% | -4.87% | -55.05% | -66.34% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | — | -4.73% | 5.52% | 11.25% | 3.93% | -7.16% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | — | 3.05% | 4.97% | 4.29% | 0.66% | 1.77% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | — | -72.13% | -13.58% | -10.44% | -1.13% | -10.87% | |
| Workday Inc. | -11.46% | -12.36% | -14.51% | -23.62% | -19.09% | -25.23% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2026 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × -6,801 ÷ 45,099 = -15.08%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial trajectory from 2021 to 2026 is characterized by consistent revenue expansion alongside a volatile recovery in economic profit. While a positive economic profit was not achieved during the analyzed period, there is a discernible trend of narrowing losses and improving margins following a trough in 2023.
- Adjusted Revenues
- A sustained upward trend is observed, with revenues increasing from 23,197 million USD in 2021 to 45,099 million USD in 2026. This represents a consistent growth pattern throughout the entire timeframe.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibited a period of deterioration between 2021 and 2023, reaching a minimum value of negative 14,831 million USD. Following this low point, a corrective trend emerged, with the deficit narrowing to negative 6,801 million USD by 2026.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin mirrored the trend of the absolute economic profit, declining from negative 28.55% in 2021 to a peak deficit of negative 44.81% in 2023. From 2024 onward, the margin improved steadily, reaching negative 15.08% by 2026, indicating a gradual reduction in the gap between operating returns and the cost of capital relative to revenue.
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