Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Salesforce Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Total Asset Turnover since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Salesforce Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Jan 31, 2022 | Jan 31, 2021 | Jan 31, 2020 | Jan 31, 2019 | Jan 31, 2018 | Jan 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | |||||||
| Cost of capital2 | |||||||
| Invested capital3 | |||||||
| Economic profit4 | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2022 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | Salesforce Inc. economic profit increased from 2020 to 2021 but then decreased significantly from 2021 to 2022. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Salesforce Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in unearned revenue.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2022 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2022 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | Salesforce Inc. NOPAT increased from 2020 to 2021 and from 2021 to 2022. |
Cash Operating Taxes
Salesforce Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | Salesforce Inc. cash operating taxes decreased from 2020 to 2021 but then slightly increased from 2021 to 2022. |
Invested Capital
Salesforce Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of unearned revenue.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of marketable securities.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | Salesforce Inc. invested capital increased from 2020 to 2021 and from 2021 to 2022. |
Cost of Capital
Salesforce Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 33.80%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 33.80%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Salesforce Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jan 31, 2022 | Jan 31, 2021 | Jan 31, 2020 | Jan 31, 2019 | Jan 31, 2018 | Jan 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Invested capital2 | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | |||||||
| Adobe Inc. | |||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | |||||||
| Intuit Inc. | |||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | |||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | |||||||
| Oracle Corp. | |||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | |||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | |||||||
| Visa Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2022 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | Salesforce Inc. economic spread ratio improved from 2020 to 2021 but then slightly deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 not reaching 2020 level. |
Economic Profit Margin
Salesforce Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jan 31, 2022 | Jan 31, 2021 | Jan 31, 2020 | Jan 31, 2019 | Jan 31, 2018 | Jan 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Revenues | |||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenue | |||||||
| Adjusted revenues | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | |||||||
| Adobe Inc. | |||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | |||||||
| Intuit Inc. | |||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | |||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | |||||||
| Oracle Corp. | |||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | |||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | |||||||
| Visa Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-01-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-01-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2022 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | Salesforce Inc. economic profit margin improved from 2020 to 2021 but then deteriorated significantly from 2021 to 2022. |