EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

salesforce.com inc., economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Jan 31, 2019	Jan 31, 2018	Jan 31, 2017	Jan 31, 2016	Jan 31, 2015	Jan 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07), 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

2019 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	salesforce.com inc.’s economic profit increased from 2017 to 2018 but then declined significantly from 2018 to 2019.

salesforce.com inc., NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Jan 31, 2019	Jan 31, 2018	Jan 31, 2017	Jan 31, 2016	Jan 31, 2015	Jan 31, 2014
	Net income (loss)
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in unearned revenue³
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁴
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁵
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁶
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁷
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Investment income, interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁸
	Investment income, after taxes⁹
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07), 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

2019 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in unearned revenue.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss).

⁵ Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁶ Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁷ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss).

⁸ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁹ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	salesforce.com inc.’s NOPAT increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

salesforce.com inc., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Jan 31, 2019	Jan 31, 2018	Jan 31, 2017	Jan 31, 2016	Jan 31, 2015	Jan 31, 2014
	Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07), 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	salesforce.com inc.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

salesforce.com inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		Jan 31, 2019	Jan 31, 2018	Jan 31, 2017	Jan 31, 2016	Jan 31, 2015	Jan 31, 2014
	Current portion of debt
	Noncurrent debt, excluding current portion
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	Unearned revenue⁴
	Equity equivalents⁵
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁶
	Adjusted stockholders’ equity
	Marketable securities⁷
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07), 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of unearned revenue.

⁵ Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.

⁶ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁷ Subtraction of marketable securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	salesforce.com inc.’s invested capital increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

salesforce.com inc., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 33.80%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 33.80%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »

salesforce.com inc., economic spread calculation

		Jan 31, 2019	Jan 31, 2018	Jan 31, 2017	Jan 31, 2016	Jan 31, 2015	Jan 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Invested capital²
	Ratio
	Economic spread³

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07), 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

2019 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Invested capital. See Details »

³ Economic spread = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic spread	The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital.	salesforce.com inc.’s economic spread improved from 2017 to 2018 but then slightly deteriorated from 2018 to 2019.

salesforce.com inc., economic profit margin calculation

		Jan 31, 2019	Jan 31, 2018	Jan 31, 2017	Jan 31, 2016	Jan 31, 2015	Jan 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Revenues
	Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenue
	Adjusted revenues
	Ratio
	Economic profit margin²

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07), 10-K (filing date: 2015-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2014-03-05).

2019 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic profit margin	The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin.	salesforce.com inc.’s economic profit margin improved from 2017 to 2018 but then slightly deteriorated from 2018 to 2019 not reaching 2017 level.

	salesforce.com inc.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
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Common-Size Financial Statements
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Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Long-term Trends
Analysis
Financial Reporting Quality

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Financial Statements
Common-Size Financial Statements
Ratios
Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
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Long-term Trends
Analysis
Financial Reporting Quality

salesforce.com inc. (CRM)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

Jan 31, 2019

Jan 31, 2018

Jan 31, 2017

Jan 31, 2016

Jan 31, 2015

Jan 31, 2014

Economic Spread

Economic Profit Margin