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Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
salesforce.com inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Jan 31, 2021 | Jan 31, 2020 | Jan 31, 2019 | Jan 31, 2018 | Jan 31, 2017 | Jan 31, 2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | |||||||
| Cost of capital2 | |||||||
| Invested capital3 | |||||||
| Economic profit4 | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17), 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | salesforce.com inc.’s economic profit decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly increased from 2020 to 2021. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
salesforce.com inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17), 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in unearned revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss).
5 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | salesforce.com inc.’s NOPAT decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then increased from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Cash Operating Taxes
salesforce.com inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17), 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | salesforce.com inc.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level. |
Invested Capital
salesforce.com inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17), 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of unearned revenue.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of marketable securities.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | salesforce.com inc.’s invested capital increased from 2019 to 2020 and from 2020 to 2021. |
Cost of Capital
salesforce.com inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 33.80%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 33.80%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
salesforce.com inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jan 31, 2021 | Jan 31, 2020 | Jan 31, 2019 | Jan 31, 2018 | Jan 31, 2017 | Jan 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Invested capital2 | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Adobe Inc. | |||||||
| Alphabet Inc. | |||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | |||||||
| Facebook Inc. | |||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | |||||||
| Intuit Inc. | |||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | |||||||
| Oracle Corp. | |||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17), 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | salesforce.com inc.’s economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 but then improved from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level. |
Economic Profit Margin
salesforce.com inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jan 31, 2021 | Jan 31, 2020 | Jan 31, 2019 | Jan 31, 2018 | Jan 31, 2017 | Jan 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Revenues | |||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenue | |||||||
| Adjusted revenues | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Adobe Inc. | |||||||
| Alphabet Inc. | |||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | |||||||
| Facebook Inc. | |||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | |||||||
| Intuit Inc. | |||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | |||||||
| Oracle Corp. | |||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-17), 10-K (filing date: 2020-03-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-03-08), 10-K (filing date: 2018-03-09), 10-K (filing date: 2017-03-06), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-07).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | salesforce.com inc.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 but then improved from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level. |