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Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Visa Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19), 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14), 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2020 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | Visa Inc.’s economic profit increased from 2018 to 2019 but then slightly decreased from 2019 to 2020 not reaching 2018 level. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Visa Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19), 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14), 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
3 2020 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
4 2020 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, net = Adjusted interest expense, net × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
5 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
6 2020 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | Visa Inc.’s NOPAT increased from 2018 to 2019 but then slightly decreased from 2019 to 2020. |
Cash Operating Taxes
Visa Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19), 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14), 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | Visa Inc.’s cash operating taxes decreased from 2018 to 2019 but then slightly increased from 2019 to 2020. |
Invested Capital
Visa Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19), 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14), 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of equity equivalents to equity.
4 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
5 Subtraction of construction-in-progress.
6 Subtraction of investment securities.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | Visa Inc.’s invested capital increased from 2018 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2020. |
Cost of Capital
Visa Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 25.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 25.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Visa Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | ||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | ||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | ||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | ||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | ||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | ||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | ||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19), 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14), 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | Visa Inc.’s economic spread ratio improved from 2018 to 2019 but then deteriorated significantly from 2019 to 2020. |
Economic Profit Margin
Visa Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | ||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | ||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | ||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | ||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | ||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | ||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | ||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-11-19), 10-K (filing date: 2019-11-14), 10-K (filing date: 2018-11-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-11-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-11-15).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2020 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Net revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | Visa Inc.’s economic profit margin improved from 2018 to 2019 but then slightly deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 not reaching 2018 level. |