Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Visa Inc., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | |||||||
| Total assets | 82,896 | 80,919 | 72,574 | 69,225 | 67,977 | 64,035 | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 16,487 | 16,289 | 7,838 | 8,162 | 9,874 | 5,619 | |
| Less: Restricted cash equivalents, U.S. litigation escrow | 894 | 901 | 1,205 | 1,491 | 1,031 | 1,027 | |
| Less: Investment securities | 2,025 | 3,752 | 4,236 | 3,547 | 3,564 | 3,319 | |
| Less: Customer collateral | 2,260 | 1,850 | 1,648 | 1,324 | 1,106 | 1,001 | |
| Operating assets | 61,230 | 58,127 | 57,647 | 54,701 | 52,402 | 53,069 | |
| Operating Liabilities | |||||||
| Total liabilities | 45,307 | 44,709 | 37,890 | 35,219 | 35,217 | 31,123 | |
| Less: Current maturities of debt | 999 | 2,999 | — | — | 1,749 | — | |
| Less: Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 19,978 | 21,071 | 16,729 | 16,630 | 16,618 | 15,882 | |
| Operating liabilities | 24,330 | 20,639 | 21,161 | 18,589 | 16,850 | 15,241 | |
| Net operating assets1 | 36,900 | 37,488 | 36,486 | 36,112 | 35,552 | 37,828 | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | (588) | 1,002 | 374 | 560 | (2,276) | — | |
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | -1.58% | 2.71% | 1.03% | 1.56% | -6.20% | — | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | 27.93% | 3.73% | 42.14% | 1.41% | 51.55% | — | |
| Adobe Inc. | 14.14% | 8.20% | 2.25% | 77.63% | -0.97% | — | |
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| International Business Machines Corp. | -7.39% | -9.64% | 38.84% | -2.32% | — | — | |
| Intuit Inc. | 139.73% | -1.39% | 29.27% | 1.03% | -1.49% | — | |
| Mastercard Inc. | 53.84% | 25.41% | 91.82% | 13.74% | — | — | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 40.52% | 14.41% | 46.31% | 4.67% | 72.10% | — | |
| Oracle Corp. | 5.62% | 1.35% | 2.79% | -15.16% | — | — | |
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 10.87% | 65.87% | 71.99% | -11.13% | — | — | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 34.89% | 19.95% | 121.81% | 234.32% | — | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | |||||||
| Software & Services | 16.26% | 7.51% | 33.82% | -3.25% | 200.00% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | |||||||
| Information Technology | 21.30% | 2.65% | 5.75% | -3.22% | 200.00% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).
1 2021 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 61,230 – 24,330 = 36,900
2 2021 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2021 – Net operating assets2020
= 36,900 – 37,488 = -588
3 2021 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × -588 ÷ [(36,900 + 37,488) ÷ 2] = -1.58%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Visa Inc. improved earnings quality from 2020 to 2021. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Visa Inc., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income | 12,311 | 10,866 | 12,080 | 10,301 | 6,699 | 5,991 | |
| Less: Net cash provided by operating activities | 15,227 | 10,440 | 12,784 | 12,713 | 9,208 | 5,574 | |
| Less: Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (152) | 1,427 | (591) | (3,084) | 735 | (10,916) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | (2,764) | (1,001) | (113) | 672 | (3,244) | 11,333 | |
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | -7.43% | -2.71% | -0.31% | 1.88% | -8.84% | — | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | |||||||
| Accenture PLC | 11.80% | -13.65% | -1.28% | -12.70% | 15.84% | — | |
| Adobe Inc. | 9.21% | -0.48% | -9.78% | 43.94% | -17.08% | — | |
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| International Business Machines Corp. | -1.64% | -13.41% | 34.45% | -3.14% | — | — | |
| Intuit Inc. | 58.72% | -34.22% | -15.95% | -34.47% | -50.61% | — | |
| Mastercard Inc. | 52.06% | 19.04% | 47.01% | 8.38% | — | — | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 17.68% | -8.19% | 7.37% | -73.75% | 137.66% | — | |
| Oracle Corp. | 25.81% | -31.35% | -74.80% | -13.86% | — | — | |
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 10.57% | -5.62% | 28.07% | -8.23% | — | — | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | -21.14% | -12.82% | 16.38% | -387.26% | — | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | |||||||
| Software & Services | 15.79% | -8.82% | 1.78% | -19.91% | 48.88% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | |||||||
| Information Technology | 12.03% | -6.35% | -10.84% | -17.98% | 23.05% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).
1 2021 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × -2,764 ÷ [(36,900 + 37,488) ÷ 2] = -7.43%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Visa Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2020 to 2021. |