Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).

Current Valuation Ratios
Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
Price to Earnings (P/E)
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
Price to Sales (P/S)
Price to Book Value (P/BV)

Visa Inc., current price multiples

	Visa Inc.		Accenture PLC	Adobe Inc.	International Business Machines Corp.	Intuit Inc.	Mastercard Inc.	Microsoft Corp.	Oracle Corp.	PayPal Holdings Inc.	Salesforce Inc.	ServiceNow Inc.		Software & Services		Information Technology
Selected Financial Data
Current share price (P)
No. shares of common stock outstanding
Growth rate (g)

Earnings per share (EPS)
Next year expected EPS
Operating profit per share
Sales per share
Book value per share (BVPS)
Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Price to earnings (P/E)
Price to next year expected earnings
Price-earnings-growth (PEG)
Price to operating profit (P/OP)
Price to sales (P/S)
Price to book value (P/BV)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30).

If the company price multiple is lower then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively undervalued.
Otherwise, if the company price multiple is higher then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively overvalued.

Visa Inc., historical price multiples

		Sep 30, 2021	Sep 30, 2020	Sep 30, 2019	Sep 30, 2018	Sep 30, 2017	Sep 30, 2016
	Price to earnings (P/E)
	Price to operating profit (P/OP)
	Price to sales (P/S)
	Price to book value (P/BV)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).

Valuation ratio	Description	The company
P/E ratio	The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings.	Visa Inc. P/E ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.
P/OP ratio	Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit.	Visa Inc. P/OP ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.
P/S ratio	An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative.	Visa Inc. P/S ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.
P/BV ratio	The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return.	Visa Inc. P/BV ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.

Visa Inc., historical P/E calculation, comparison to benchmarks

		Sep 30, 2021	Sep 30, 2020	Sep 30, 2019	Sep 30, 2018	Sep 30, 2017	Sep 30, 2016
	No. shares of common stock outstanding¹
	Selected Financial Data (US$)
	Net income (in millions)
	Earnings per share (EPS)²
	Share price^1, 3
	Valuation Ratio
	P/E ratio⁴
	Benchmarks
	P/E Ratio, Competitors⁵
	Accenture PLC
	Adobe Inc.
	International Business Machines Corp.
	Intuit Inc.
	Mastercard Inc.
	Microsoft Corp.
	Oracle Corp.
	PayPal Holdings Inc.
	Salesforce Inc.
	ServiceNow Inc.
	P/E Ratio, Sector
	Software & Services
	P/E Ratio, Industry
	Information Technology

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).

¹ Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

² 2021 Calculation
EPS = Net income ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =

³ Closing price as at the filing date of Visa Inc. Annual Report.

⁴ 2021 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= ÷ =

⁵ Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio	Description	The company
P/E ratio	The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings.	Visa Inc. P/E ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.

Visa Inc., historical P/OP calculation, comparison to benchmarks

		Sep 30, 2021	Sep 30, 2020	Sep 30, 2019	Sep 30, 2018	Sep 30, 2017	Sep 30, 2016
	No. shares of common stock outstanding¹
	Selected Financial Data (US$)
	Operating income (in millions)
	Operating profit per share²
	Share price^1, 3
	Valuation Ratio
	P/OP ratio⁴
	Benchmarks
	P/OP Ratio, Competitors⁵
	Accenture PLC
	Adobe Inc.
	International Business Machines Corp.
	Intuit Inc.
	Mastercard Inc.
	Microsoft Corp.
	Oracle Corp.
	PayPal Holdings Inc.
	Salesforce Inc.
	ServiceNow Inc.
	P/OP Ratio, Sector
	Software & Services
	P/OP Ratio, Industry
	Information Technology

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).

¹ Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

² 2021 Calculation
Operating profit per share = Operating income ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =

³ Closing price as at the filing date of Visa Inc. Annual Report.

⁴ 2021 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= ÷ =

⁵ Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio	Description	The company
P/OP ratio	Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit.	Visa Inc. P/OP ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.

Visa Inc., historical P/S calculation, comparison to benchmarks

		Sep 30, 2021	Sep 30, 2020	Sep 30, 2019	Sep 30, 2018	Sep 30, 2017	Sep 30, 2016
	No. shares of common stock outstanding¹
	Selected Financial Data (US$)
	Net revenues (in millions)
	Sales per share²
	Share price^1, 3
	Valuation Ratio
	P/S ratio⁴
	Benchmarks
	P/S Ratio, Competitors⁵
	Accenture PLC
	Adobe Inc.
	International Business Machines Corp.
	Intuit Inc.
	Mastercard Inc.
	Microsoft Corp.
	Oracle Corp.
	PayPal Holdings Inc.
	Salesforce Inc.
	ServiceNow Inc.
	P/S Ratio, Sector
	Software & Services
	P/S Ratio, Industry
	Information Technology

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).

¹ Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

² 2021 Calculation
Sales per share = Net revenues ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =

³ Closing price as at the filing date of Visa Inc. Annual Report.

⁴ 2021 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= ÷ =

⁵ Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio	Description	The company
P/S ratio	An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative.	Visa Inc. P/S ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.

Visa Inc., historical P/BV calculation, comparison to benchmarks

		Sep 30, 2021	Sep 30, 2020	Sep 30, 2019	Sep 30, 2018	Sep 30, 2017	Sep 30, 2016
	No. shares of common stock outstanding¹
	Selected Financial Data (US$)
	Equity (in millions)
	Book value per share (BVPS)²
	Share price^1, 3
	Valuation Ratio
	P/BV ratio⁴
	Benchmarks
	P/BV Ratio, Competitors⁵
	Accenture PLC
	Adobe Inc.
	International Business Machines Corp.
	Intuit Inc.
	Mastercard Inc.
	Microsoft Corp.
	Oracle Corp.
	PayPal Holdings Inc.
	Salesforce Inc.
	ServiceNow Inc.
	P/BV Ratio, Sector
	Software & Services
	P/BV Ratio, Industry
	Information Technology

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).

¹ Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

² 2021 Calculation
BVPS = Equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =

³ Closing price as at the filing date of Visa Inc. Annual Report.

⁴ 2021 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= ÷ =

⁵ Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio	Description	The company
P/BV ratio	The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return.	Visa Inc. P/BV ratio increased from 2019 to 2020 but then slightly decreased from 2020 to 2021 not reaching 2019 level.

	Visa Inc.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
Financial Statements
Common-Size Financial Statements
Analysis of Financial Ratios
Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Long-term Trends
Analysis of Components of Financial Statements
Financial Reporting Quality

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Financial Statements
Common-Size Financial Statements
Analysis of Financial Ratios
Relative Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Long-term Trends
Analysis of Components of Financial Statements
Financial Reporting Quality

Visa Inc. (NYSE:V)

Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)

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Current Valuation Ratios

Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)

Price to Earnings (P/E)

Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)

Price to Sales (P/S)

Price to Book Value (P/BV)