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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread Ratio
Economic Profit Margin

Danaher Corp., economic profit calculation

US$ in thousands

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-22), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

¹ NOPAT. See details »

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

<>⁴ 2018 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
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–

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Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Danaher Corp.’s economic profit increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Danaher Corp., NOPAT calculation

US$ in thousands

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net earnings
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve³
	Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue⁴
	Increase (decrease) in accrued warranty liability⁵
	Increase (decrease) in accrual balance of productivity improvement and restructuring cost⁶
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁷
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁸
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁹
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes¹⁰
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income¹¹
	Investment income, after taxes¹²
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax¹³
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-22), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.

⁵ Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued warranty liability.

⁶ Addition of increase (decrease) in accrual balance of productivity improvement and restructuring cost.

⁷ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings.

⁸ 2018 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁹ 2018 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

¹⁰ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings.

¹¹ 2018 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

¹² Elimination of after taxes investment income.

¹³ Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Danaher Corp.’s NOPAT increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Danaher Corp., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in thousands

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Income tax provision
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-22), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Danaher Corp.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly decreased from 2017 to 2018 not reaching 2016 level.

Danaher Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in thousands

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Notes payable and current portion of long-term debt
	Long-term debt, excluding current portion
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total Danaher stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	LIFO reserve⁴
	Deferred revenue⁵
	Accrued warranty liability⁶
	Accrual balance of productivity improvement and restructuring cost⁷
	Equity equivalents⁸
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁹
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted total Danaher stockholders’ equity
	Investments¹⁰
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-22), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »

⁵ Addition of deferred revenue.

⁶ Addition of accrued warranty liability.

⁷ Addition of accrual balance of productivity improvement and restructuring cost.

⁸ Addition of equity equivalents to total Danaher stockholders’ equity.

⁹ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

¹⁰ Subtraction of investments.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Danaher Corp.’s invested capital increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Danaher Corp., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Notes payable and long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-21).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »