Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Danaher Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2025 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 3,442 – 15.27% × 75,443 = -8,079
The financial trajectory between 2021 and 2025 is characterized by a persistent failure to generate positive economic profit, indicating that the operating returns have consistently remained below the required cost of invested capital.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- A significant contraction in NOPAT occurred in 2023, where values fell from 6,866 million in 2022 to 3,099 million. While a gradual recovery is observed through 2024 and 2025, with NOPAT reaching 3,442 million by the end of the period, these levels remain substantially below the performance recorded in 2021 and 2022.
- Invested Capital and Cost of Capital
- Invested capital exhibited a peak in 2023 at 78,561 million, followed by a reduction to 73,131 million in 2024 and a slight increase to 75,443 million in 2025. Throughout this period, the cost of capital remained relatively stable but elevated, ranging from 14.81% to 15.59%. The highest cost of capital was recorded in 2023, coinciding with the most significant decline in operating profit.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained negative throughout the entire five-year sequence, signaling continuous value destruction. The economic deficit widened from -4,330 million in 2021 to a peak loss of -9,146 million in 2023. Despite a marginal improvement in 2024 to -7,951 million, the figure declined again to -8,079 million in 2025, confirming that the recovery in NOPAT has been insufficient to offset the cost of the capital employed.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Danaher Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in contract liabilities.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings.
5 2025 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 1,278 × 4.20% = 54
6 2025 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 319 × 21.00% = 67
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings.
8 2025 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= 30 × 21.00% = 6
9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
10 Elimination of discontinued operations.
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the five-year period. While initially stable, NOPAT experienced a significant decline in later years. A comparison with net earnings reveals some divergence in performance.
- NOPAT Trend
- In 2021, NOPAT stood at US$6,722 million. It increased modestly to US$6,866 million in 2022, representing a growth of approximately 2.1%. However, 2023 witnessed a substantial decrease, with NOPAT falling to US$3,099 million. This represents a decline of roughly 55.3% from the prior year. A partial recovery was observed in 2024, with NOPAT reaching US$3,391 million, and continued modestly into 2025 at US$3,442 million. The 2024 and 2025 figures, while improved from 2023, remain considerably below the levels recorded in 2021 and 2022.
- Relationship to Net Earnings
- Net earnings followed a different trajectory. While NOPAT peaked in 2022, net earnings peaked earlier in 2021. Net earnings decreased more consistently than NOPAT, falling from US$6,433 million in 2021 to US$3,614 million in 2025. In 2021, NOPAT exceeded net earnings by US$289 million. By 2023, net earnings surpassed NOPAT by US$1,665 million, and this difference persisted in 2024 and 2025. This suggests a growing divergence between operational profitability and overall reported earnings.
The substantial decline in NOPAT in 2023 warrants further investigation to determine the underlying causes. Potential factors could include increased operating expenses, changes in tax rates, or shifts in the company’s operational strategy. The subsequent stabilization of NOPAT in 2024 and 2025, while positive, does not fully restore it to previous levels, indicating ongoing challenges or adjustments within the business.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Danaher Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
The income tax provision and cash operating taxes exhibited distinct trends between 2021 and 2025. The income tax provision consistently decreased over the five-year period, while cash operating taxes demonstrated a more volatile pattern.
- Income Tax Provision
- The income tax provision decreased from US$1,251 million in 2021 to US$633 million in 2025. This represents a cumulative decline of approximately 49.4%. The decrease was relatively steady year-over-year, suggesting a consistent reduction in reported tax liabilities.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes increased from US$1,534 million in 2021 to US$2,032 million in 2023, representing a growth of approximately 32.5%. However, a significant decrease was observed in 2024, falling to US$1,274 million, followed by a further reduction to US$1,134 million in 2025. This indicates a substantial fluctuation in actual cash outflows for taxes, diverging from the trend in the income tax provision.
The divergence between the income tax provision and cash operating taxes suggests potential timing differences related to deferred tax assets or liabilities, tax credits utilized, or changes in tax laws impacting cash payments. The increase in cash operating taxes through 2023, followed by a sharp decline, warrants further investigation to understand the underlying drivers. The decreasing income tax provision may reflect changes in profitability, tax planning strategies, or adjustments to tax rates.
- Relationship between Items
- In 2021, cash operating taxes exceeded the income tax provision by US$283 million. This difference widened in 2022 to US$601 million and further increased to US$1,209 million in 2023. However, the gap narrowed considerably in 2024 to US$527 million and continued to decrease to US$501 million in 2025. This evolving difference highlights the increasing, then decreasing, impact of non-cash tax items on the overall tax expense.
Continued monitoring of both the income tax provision and cash operating taxes is recommended to assess the sustainability of these trends and their implications for future cash flows and economic value added calculations.
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Invested Capital
Danaher Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of contract liabilities.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to total Danaher stockholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of investments.
The invested capital of the company exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decline and stabilization over the five-year period. Total reported debt & leases and total stockholders’ equity both contribute to the overall invested capital figure, though their individual trends differ.
- Invested Capital Trend
- Invested capital increased from US$74,633 million in 2021 to US$78,342 million in 2022, representing a growth of approximately 4.9%. A further, albeit marginal, increase was observed in 2023, reaching US$78,561 million. However, 2024 saw a decrease to US$73,131 million, a decline of roughly 7.1%. Invested capital then showed a modest recovery in 2025, rising to US$75,443 million.
- Debt & Leases
- Total reported debt & leases demonstrated a consistent downward trend from 2021 to 2024. Beginning at US$23,272 million, it decreased to US$17,146 million by the end of 2024. An increase was noted in 2025, with debt & leases reaching US$19,696 million, potentially indicating renewed borrowing or a change in financing strategy.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Total Danaher stockholders’ equity generally increased throughout the period. From US$45,167 million in 2021, it rose to US$53,486 million in 2023. A decrease was observed in 2024, falling to US$49,543 million, before recovering somewhat to US$52,534 million in 2025. This suggests fluctuations in retained earnings and/or share issuance/repurchase activity.
The decrease in invested capital in 2024 appears to be driven primarily by the reduction in total reported debt & leases, partially offset by the decrease in stockholders’ equity. The 2025 figures suggest a partial reversal of this trend, with both debt & leases and stockholders’ equity contributing to a slight increase in invested capital.
- Relationship between Components and Invested Capital
- The fluctuations in invested capital closely mirror the combined movements of debt & leases and stockholders’ equity. While stockholders’ equity generally trended upward, the more significant declines in debt & leases in 2024 had a pronounced effect on the overall invested capital figure. The 2025 increase in both components suggests a stabilization of the capital structure.
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Cost of Capital
Danaher Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 147,926) | 147,926) | ÷ | 165,248) | = | 0.90 | 0.90 | × | 16.88% | = | 15.11% | ||
| 4.75% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A | —) | —) | ÷ | 165,248) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| 5.00% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B | —) | —) | ÷ | 165,248) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| Notes payable and long-term debt3 | 16,044) | 16,044) | ÷ | 165,248) | = | 0.10 | 0.10 | × | 1.71% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.13% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,278) | 1,278) | ÷ | 165,248) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 4.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.03% | ||
| Total: | 165,248) | 1.00 | 15.27% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable and long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 148,624) | 148,624) | ÷ | 163,376) | = | 0.91 | 0.91 | × | 16.88% | = | 15.36% | ||
| 4.75% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A | —) | —) | ÷ | 163,376) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| 5.00% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B | —) | —) | ÷ | 163,376) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| Notes payable and long-term debt3 | 13,611) | 13,611) | ÷ | 163,376) | = | 0.08 | 0.08 | × | 1.92% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.13% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,141) | 1,141) | ÷ | 163,376) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 4.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 163,376) | 1.00 | 15.51% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable and long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 185,406) | 185,406) | ÷ | 202,627) | = | 0.92 | 0.92 | × | 16.88% | = | 15.45% | ||
| 4.75% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A | —) | —) | ÷ | 202,627) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| 5.00% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B | —) | —) | ÷ | 202,627) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| Notes payable and long-term debt3 | 16,087) | 16,087) | ÷ | 202,627) | = | 0.08 | 0.08 | × | 1.95% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.12% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,134) | 1,134) | ÷ | 202,627) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 3.40% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 202,627) | 1.00 | 15.59% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable and long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 182,224) | 182,224) | ÷ | 202,282) | = | 0.90 | 0.90 | × | 16.88% | = | 15.21% | ||
| 4.75% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A | —) | —) | ÷ | 202,282) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% | = | 0.00% | ||
| 5.00% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B | 2,333) | 2,333) | ÷ | 202,282) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 5.00% | = | 0.06% | ||
| Notes payable and long-term debt3 | 16,663) | 16,663) | ÷ | 202,282) | = | 0.08 | 0.08 | × | 1.79% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.12% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,062) | 1,062) | ÷ | 202,282) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 2.70% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 202,282) | 1.00 | 15.40% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable and long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 187,701) | 187,701) | ÷ | 218,211) | = | 0.86 | 0.86 | × | 16.88% | = | 14.52% | ||
| 4.75% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A | 3,620) | 3,620) | ÷ | 218,211) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 4.75% | = | 0.08% | ||
| 5.00% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B | 2,990) | 2,990) | ÷ | 218,211) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 5.00% | = | 0.07% | ||
| Notes payable and long-term debt3 | 22,804) | 22,804) | ÷ | 218,211) | = | 0.10 | 0.10 | × | 1.53% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.13% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,096) | 1,096) | ÷ | 218,211) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 2.70% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 218,211) | 1.00 | 14.81% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable and long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Danaher Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | (8,079) | (7,951) | (9,146) | (5,195) | (4,330) | |
| Invested capital2 | 75,443) | 73,131) | 78,561) | 78,342) | 74,633) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | -10.71% | -10.87% | -11.64% | -6.63% | -5.80% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | 0.72% | -2.22% | -3.93% | 5.49% | 4.87% | |
| Amgen Inc. | 6.25% | -0.54% | 2.28% | 6.80% | 6.80% | |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | 5.66% | -22.01% | 1.55% | -1.21% | 1.09% | |
| Eli Lilly & Co. | 30.14% | 14.49% | 1.42% | 8.52% | 10.19% | |
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | 12.61% | -10.47% | 2.85% | -0.27% | 6.76% | |
| Johnson & Johnson | 11.55% | 1.88% | 0.03% | 5.29% | 10.35% | |
| Merck & Co. Inc. | 10.49% | 13.36% | -8.94% | 11.24% | 11.41% | |
| Pfizer Inc. | -3.69% | -3.37% | -9.48% | 17.97% | 11.14% | |
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 13.82% | 16.64% | 13.44% | 18.80% | 62.56% | |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | -7.45% | -8.25% | -8.72% | -6.97% | -4.95% | |
| Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 20.79% | -22.86% | 11.09% | 13.84% | 15.05% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2025 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -8,079 ÷ 75,443 = -10.71%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Analysis of economic value added reveals a period of sustained economic profit deficits, indicating that the return generated on invested capital consistently failed to exceed the required cost of capital from 2021 through 2025.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit exhibited a negative trajectory throughout the period, with the deficit deepening from -4,330 million USD in 2021 to a peak loss of -9,146 million USD in 2023. Although a partial recovery was noted in 2024, the deficit remained substantial at -7,951 million USD, ending the period at -8,079 million USD in 2025.
- Invested Capital Movements
- The invested capital base remained relatively stable, fluctuating within a range of 73,131 million USD to 78,561 million USD. The peak in capital investment occurred in 2023, which coincided with the period of maximum economic profit loss, suggesting that capital utilization during this phase did not produce a sufficient return to cover the cost of capital.
- Economic Spread Ratio Dynamics
- The economic spread ratio remained negative for all five years, signifying continuous value destruction. The ratio deteriorated from -5.80% in 2021 to a low of -11.64% in 2023, indicating a widening gap between the actual return on capital and the cost of capital. A slight trend toward stabilization was observed in 2024 and 2025, with the ratio ending at -10.71%, although it remains significantly lower than the 2021 level.
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Economic Profit Margin
Danaher Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | (8,079) | (7,951) | (9,146) | (5,195) | (4,330) | |
| Sales | 24,568) | 23,875) | 23,890) | 31,471) | 29,453) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in contract liabilities | 53) | (183) | 37) | 57) | 409) | |
| Adjusted sales | 24,621) | 23,692) | 23,927) | 31,528) | 29,862) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | -32.81% | -33.56% | -38.22% | -16.48% | -14.50% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | 0.72% | -2.73% | -4.94% | 7.77% | 8.31% | |
| Amgen Inc. | 10.42% | -1.06% | 5.93% | 10.90% | 11.26% | |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | 6.96% | -28.55% | 2.33% | -1.87% | 1.88% | |
| Eli Lilly & Co. | 22.94% | 11.51% | 1.22% | 7.25% | 9.40% | |
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | 18.67% | -16.23% | 4.86% | -0.46% | 11.95% | |
| Johnson & Johnson | 16.94% | 2.25% | 0.03% | 6.34% | 10.83% | |
| Merck & Co. Inc. | 15.81% | 16.54% | -10.41% | 14.02% | 16.57% | |
| Pfizer Inc. | -8.24% | -7.17% | -24.66% | 19.67% | 11.89% | |
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 12.76% | 14.59% | 12.26% | 18.93% | 42.30% | |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | -15.75% | -15.79% | -17.42% | -12.85% | -10.07% | |
| Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 18.34% | -18.76% | 14.88% | 20.42% | 18.65% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2025 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted sales
= 100 × -8,079 ÷ 24,621 = -32.81%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial trajectory from 2021 through 2025 is characterized by persistent negative economic profit and a significant contraction in adjusted sales, leading to a substantial deterioration of the economic profit margin.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained negative throughout the analyzed period, indicating that the company failed to generate returns above its cost of capital. The loss expanded from -4,330 million US$ in 2021 to a peak deficit of -9,146 million US$ in 2023. While a slight recovery occurred in 2024, the figure stabilized at -8,079 million US$ by 2025, representing a sustained period of value erosion.
- Adjusted Sales Performance
- Adjusted sales exhibited a peak in 2022 at 31,528 million US$ before experiencing a sharp decline in 2023 to 23,927 million US$. Revenue levels remained relatively stagnant between 2023 and 2024, with a marginal increase to 24,621 million US$ in 2025. The overall trend reflects a significant reduction in the scale of operations compared to the 2021-2022 period.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin demonstrates a severe downward trend, shifting from -14.50% in 2021 to a low of -38.22% in 2023. This decline was driven by the simultaneous increase in economic losses and the reduction in adjusted sales. Although the margin showed slight improvements in 2024 (-33.56%) and 2025 (-32.81%), it remains significantly lower than the 2021 baseline, suggesting that the company continues to struggle with operational efficiency relative to its capital charges.
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