EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

Gilead Sciences Inc., economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

2018 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Gilead Sciences Inc.’s economic profit declined from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly increased from 2017 to 2018.

Gilead Sciences Inc., NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net income attributable to Gilead
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful accounts, cash discounts and chargebacks²
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents³
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁴
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁵
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁶
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁷
	Investment income, after taxes⁸
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

2018 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful accounts, cash discounts and chargebacks.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Gilead.

⁴ Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁵ Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁶ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Gilead.

⁷ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁸ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Gilead Sciences Inc.’s NOPAT declined from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly increased from 2017 to 2018.

Gilead Sciences Inc., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Provision for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Gilead Sciences Inc.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 but then declined significantly from 2017 to 2018.

Gilead Sciences Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Current portion of long-term debt and other obligations, net
	Long-term debt, net, excluding current portion
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total Gilead stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowances for doubtful accounts, cash discounts and chargebacks³
	Equity equivalents⁴
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁵
	Noncontrolling interest
	Adjusted total Gilead stockholders’ equity
	Construction in progress⁶
	Marketable securities⁷
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of equity equivalents to total Gilead stockholders’ equity.

⁵ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁶ Subtraction of construction in progress.

⁷ Subtraction of marketable securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Gilead Sciences Inc.’s invested capital increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Gilead Sciences Inc., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »

Gilead Sciences Inc., economic spread calculation

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Invested capital²
	Ratio
	Economic spread³

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

2018 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Invested capital. See Details »

³ Economic spread = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic spread	The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital.	Gilead Sciences Inc.’s economic spread deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Gilead Sciences Inc., economic profit margin calculation

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Product sales
	Ratio
	Economic profit margin²

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-25).

2018 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Product sales
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic profit margin	The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin.	Gilead Sciences Inc.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly improved from 2017 to 2018.

	Gilead Sciences Inc.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
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Gilead Sciences Inc. (GILD)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

Dec 31, 2018

Dec 31, 2017

Dec 31, 2016

Dec 31, 2015

Dec 31, 2014

Economic Spread

Economic Profit Margin