Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Price to FCFE (P/FCFE)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Operating Profit Margin since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
- Aggregate Accruals
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Economic Profit
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The period under review demonstrates fluctuating financial performance as measured by economic profit. Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibited significant volatility, while the cost of capital remained relatively stable. Invested capital generally increased over the five-year period, with a slight decrease observed between 2022 and 2023.
- NOPAT Trend
- NOPAT increased substantially from 2020 to 2021, more than doubling. However, a considerable decline was noted in 2022, followed by a further decrease in 2023. A partial recovery occurred in 2024, though NOPAT did not reach the levels observed in 2021.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital experienced a modest increase from 5.51% in 2020 to 5.64% in 2023, before decreasing slightly to 5.61% in 2024. This indicates a relatively consistent, though slightly rising, expense of funding operations over the period.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital generally trended upward, increasing from US$8,423,300 thousand in 2020 to US$12,653,600 thousand in 2024. The only decrease occurred between 2022 and 2023, falling from US$12,287,700 thousand to US$11,998,500 thousand. This suggests a period of capital expansion, with a minor contraction in one year.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit mirrored the trend in NOPAT, peaking in 2021 at US$7,220,458 thousand. Subsequent declines were observed in 2022 and 2023, before a partial recovery in 2024 to US$2,664,484 thousand. The fluctuations in economic profit suggest a sensitivity to changes in NOPAT, given the relatively stable cost of capital and increasing invested capital.
Overall, the financial performance, as indicated by economic profit, was strongest in 2021. While invested capital increased over the period, the declines in NOPAT in 2022 and 2023 significantly impacted economic profit. The recovery in 2024 suggests a potential stabilization, but further monitoring is warranted to assess the sustainability of this trend.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
7 2024 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income Trend
- The net income exhibited significant volatility over the five-year period. It increased markedly from approximately $3.51 billion in 2020 to a peak of $8.08 billion in 2021. However, in the subsequent years, net income declined sharply to about $4.34 billion in 2022 and further declined to $3.95 billion in 2023. There was a moderate recovery observed in 2024, with net income increasing to roughly $4.41 billion.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) Trend
- The NOPAT also showed a similar pattern of fluctuation. Starting at approximately $3.70 billion in 2020, it rose significantly to around $7.82 billion in 2021. After this peak, NOPAT experienced a marked decrease to about $3.55 billion in 2022, continuing its downward trend to approximately $2.82 billion in 2023. A slight improvement is noted in 2024, where NOPAT increased to nearly $3.37 billion.
- Comparative Analysis Between Net Income and NOPAT
- Both net income and NOPAT followed parallel trajectories, with substantial growth in 2021 followed by pronounced declines in 2022 and 2023, and moderate recovery in 2024. Notably, the decline in NOPAT after 2021 was somewhat steeper than the decline in net income, particularly between 2022 and 2023. Despite the fluctuations, net income consistently remained slightly lower than NOPAT throughout the period, indicating possible differences in non-operating income, expenses, or tax effects.
- General Insights
- The data reveals a peak in profitability metrics in 2021, suggestive of exceptional performance or favorable conditions during that year. The subsequent deterioration through 2022 and 2023 may imply operational challenges, increased expenses, or adverse market conditions impacting operational efficiency and profitability. The modest rebound in 2024 suggests some recovery, though neither net income nor NOPAT returned to the peak levels observed in 2021.
Cash Operating Taxes
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
The financial data reveals notable fluctuations in tax-related expenses over the five-year period under review. Income tax expense and cash operating taxes show varying trends that indicate changes in the company’s profitability, tax strategies, or regulatory environment impacts.
- Income Tax Expense
- This item increased substantially from 297,200 thousand US dollars in 2020 to a peak of 1,250,500 thousand US dollars in 2021, representing a more than fourfold increase. The subsequent years show a marked decrease to 520,400 thousand US dollars in 2022 and further declines to 245,700 thousand US dollars in 2023. In 2024, there was a modest recovery to 367,300 thousand US dollars. These changes suggest significant variations in taxable income or effective tax rates year over year.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes exhibit a different pattern. Starting at 212,370 thousand US dollars in 2020, these taxes surge to 1,400,760 thousand US dollars in 2021, exceeding the income tax expense increase, which may indicate timing differences or adjustments in tax payments versus accruals. Unlike income tax expense, cash operating taxes peaked in 2022 at 1,246,398 thousand US dollars, only slightly decreasing thereafter to 995,682 thousand US dollars in 2023 and stabilizing around 989,515 thousand US dollars in 2024. This suggests that cash payments for taxes remained relatively high and steady after the initial spike in 2021.
Overall, the data points to a significant tax-related financial impact in 2021 followed by a normalization trend in subsequent years, though cash operating taxes remained at elevated levels compared to 2020. The divergence between income tax expense and cash operating taxes in later years could reflect changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities, timing differences, or tax planning strategies.
Invested Capital
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of deferred revenue.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of construction in progress.
7 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases remained relatively stable from 2020 to 2023, fluctuating slightly around the 2.76 to 2.79 billion US dollars range. In 2024, there was a noticeable increase to approximately 2.94 billion, indicating a rise in the company's leverage or financing obligations during that year.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Stockholders’ equity showed a strong and consistent upward trend across the entire period. Starting at about 11.03 billion in 2020, it increased significantly each year, reaching nearly 29.35 billion by the end of 2024. This growth suggests robust retained earnings and possibly additional equity financing, reflecting an overall strengthening in the company’s net worth and financial position.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital experienced growth from 8.42 billion in 2020 to a peak of approximately 12.29 billion in 2022. However, a decline followed in 2023, dropping to about 12.00 billion, before rising again to roughly 12.65 billion in 2024. This pattern indicates a moderate fluctuation in the capital deployed within the business, which could be related to changes in assets or operational investments during the period.
Cost of Capital
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | ||||||
| Amgen Inc. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Eli Lilly & Co. | ||||||
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | ||||||
| Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| Merck & Co. Inc. | ||||||
| Pfizer Inc. | ||||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | ||||||
| Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic spread ratio exhibited considerable fluctuation between 2020 and 2024. Initial values were strong, followed by a decline, and a subsequent partial recovery. Economic profit demonstrated a generally positive trend, though with significant year-over-year variation. Invested capital consistently increased over the period, with a slight decrease observed between 2022 and 2023.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio began at 38.44% in 2020, indicating a substantial spread between return on invested capital and the cost of capital. A significant increase was observed in 2021, reaching 66.94%, representing the highest value within the observed timeframe. A marked decline followed in 2022, with the ratio falling to 23.25%. This downward trend continued into 2023, reaching 17.89%, the lowest value recorded. A modest recovery occurred in 2024, with the ratio increasing to 21.06%, though remaining below the levels seen in 2020 and 2021.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit increased substantially from US$3,237,874 thousand in 2020 to US$7,220,458 thousand in 2021. This growth was not sustained, as economic profit decreased to US$2,856,459 thousand in 2022 and further to US$2,146,921 thousand in 2023. A partial recovery was noted in 2024, with economic profit rising to US$2,664,484 thousand. The fluctuations in economic profit appear to correlate with the changes observed in the economic spread ratio.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital demonstrated a consistent upward trend from 2020 to 2023, increasing from US$8,423,300 thousand to US$11,998,500 thousand. A slight decrease was observed in 2024, with invested capital reaching US$12,653,600 thousand. The continued investment, despite fluctuations in economic profit, suggests a long-term strategic commitment to growth.
The interplay between economic profit, invested capital, and the economic spread ratio suggests a period of high performance in 2021, followed by a period of reduced efficiency and profitability in 2022 and 2023. The partial recovery in 2024 indicates a potential stabilization, but further monitoring is warranted to assess the sustainability of this trend.
Economic Profit Margin
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | ||||||
| Amgen Inc. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Eli Lilly & Co. | ||||||
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | ||||||
| Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| Merck & Co. Inc. | ||||||
| Pfizer Inc. | ||||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | ||||||
| Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic profit margin exhibited considerable fluctuation between 2020 and 2024. Initial values were strong, followed by a significant decline, and a subsequent partial recovery. A detailed examination of the trends is presented below.
- Economic Profit Margin Trend
- In 2020, the economic profit margin stood at 37.45%. This figure increased substantially to 45.27% in 2021, representing the highest value observed during the analyzed period. A marked decrease occurred in 2022, with the margin falling to 23.40%. This downward trend continued into 2023, reaching a low of 16.32%. A modest recovery was then noted in 2024, as the economic profit margin rose to 18.47%.
- Relationship to Adjusted Revenues
- Adjusted revenues increased significantly from 2020 to 2021, rising from US$8,645,200 thousand to US$15,951,500 thousand. This increase coincided with the peak in economic profit margin. However, revenues decreased in 2022 to US$12,205,300 thousand, aligning with the initial decline in margin. Revenues experienced a slight increase in both 2023 and 2024, reaching US$13,155,100 thousand and US$14,429,800 thousand respectively, but these increases were not sufficient to fully restore the economic profit margin to its 2021 level.
- Economic Profit Trend
- Economic profit itself mirrored the fluctuations observed in the economic profit margin. It increased from US$3,237,874 thousand in 2020 to US$7,220,458 thousand in 2021. Subsequently, economic profit decreased to US$2,856,459 thousand in 2022 and further to US$2,146,921 thousand in 2023. A slight increase was observed in 2024, with economic profit reaching US$2,664,484 thousand. The correlation between economic profit and the economic profit margin is strong, indicating that changes in profitability directly impact the margin.
The observed volatility in the economic profit margin suggests potential sensitivity to revenue fluctuations and underlying cost structures. Further investigation into the factors driving these changes in both revenues and costs would be beneficial.