Economic Value Added (EVA)
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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Income Statement
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Cash Flow Statement
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- Price to FCFE (P/FCFE)
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
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Economic Profit
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The financial data reveals a fluctuating performance over the analyzed periods with notable shifts in profitability and capital utilization.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
-
This metric experienced significant variation. Starting at approximately 3.02 billion US dollars in 2020, it declined sharply to around 2.24 billion US dollars in 2021. A recovery was observed in 2022, with NOPAT increasing to nearly 3 billion US dollars, followed by a decrease to 2.64 billion US dollars in 2023. However, in 2024, there was a marked deterioration resulting in a negative NOPAT of about 1.27 billion US dollars, indicating operational losses in the most recent year.
- Cost of Capital
-
The cost of capital remained relatively stable across the periods, fluctuating marginally between 8.8% and 8.85%. This stability suggests consistent expectations for the return required by investors or lenders over this timeframe.
- Invested Capital
-
Invested capital showed an increasing trend from 8.14 billion US dollars in 2020 to a peak of approximately 13.28 billion US dollars in 2022, remaining relatively stable into 2023. However, in 2024, there was a significant reduction to around 9.05 billion US dollars, suggesting divestments, asset sales, or other capital restructuring activities that decreased the asset base or capital employed.
- Economic Profit
-
Economic profit reflects the value created above the cost of capital and showed a declining pattern over time. It began at approximately 2.31 billion US dollars in 2020, decreased substantially to about 1.41 billion in 2021, then slightly recovered to 1.82 billion in 2022 before declining again to 1.47 billion in 2023. The trend reversed dramatically in 2024, where economic profit turned negative to around -2.07 billion US dollars, indicating that the company did not generate sufficient returns to cover its cost of capital during this period.
Overall, the data indicates a weakening financial performance toward the most recent period, characterized by reduced profitability, a downsizing of invested capital, and a failure to generate economic value above the cost of capital. The sharp declines in NOPAT and economic profit in 2024 are particularly notable and suggest possible operational challenges or restructuring impacts in that year.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss).
3 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
4 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
5 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss).
6 2024 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income (Loss)
-
The net income displayed an initial fluctuation with a decline from approximately 2.71 billion US dollars in 2020 to 2.34 billion US dollars in 2021. This was followed by a notable recovery reaching about 3.32 billion US dollars in 2022 and a further increase to approximately 3.62 billion US dollars in 2023. However, there was a significant reversal in 2024, with net income turning negative, resulting in a loss of approximately 536 million US dollars. This indicates a considerable downturn or an extraordinary expense impacting profitability in 2024.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
-
The NOPAT value exhibited a similar pattern to net income but with some differences in magnitude and trend continuation. It started at around 3.02 billion US dollars in 2020 but dropped substantially to about 2.24 billion US dollars in 2021. There was a recovery in 2022 to nearly 3 billion US dollars; however, unlike net income that increased in 2023, NOPAT decreased to approximately 2.64 billion US dollars. In 2024, the NOPAT also turned negative, with a loss of about 1.27 billion US dollars, representing an even more pronounced operational challenge than indicated by net income alone.
- Summary of Trends and Insights
-
Both profitability measures show volatility over the five-year period with initial declines, strong recoveries, and significant downturns at the end of the period. The negative figures in 2024 for both net income and NOPAT highlight a substantial deterioration in performance. The larger negative NOPAT compared to net income in 2024 suggests a more severe erosion of operational efficiency or higher operating costs that may not be fully captured in net income calculations. These trends warrant further investigation into underlying causes such as market conditions, cost management, one-time charges, or other financial events impacting the company's profitability in the latest period.
Cash Operating Taxes
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
- Provision for income taxes
- The provision for income taxes displayed fluctuations over the observed period. It decreased from 405,151 thousand US dollars in 2020 to 388,300 thousand US dollars in 2021, indicating a slight reduction. However, in 2022, there was a significant increase to 910,400 thousand US dollars. Following this peak, the provision decreased somewhat in 2023 to 760,200 thousand US dollars and then showed a moderate increase again in 2024, reaching 784,100 thousand US dollars. Overall, the trend indicates heightened income tax provisions after 2021, with some volatility but maintaining higher levels than in the initial years.
- Cash operating taxes
- Cash operating taxes exhibited a strong upward trend from 2020 through 2023. Starting at 137,080 thousand US dollars in 2020, the cash taxes increased substantially to 556,675 thousand in 2021. This upward trajectory continued sharply into 2022, nearly doubling to 1,170,431 thousand US dollars. The peak was maintained in 2023 with 1,178,814 thousand US dollars, indicating stable but very high cash tax payments during that year. In 2024, cash operating taxes decreased to 1,029,919 thousand US dollars, showing a notable decline but remaining considerably elevated compared to 2020 and 2021.
- Comparative Insights
- Both provision for income taxes and cash operating taxes increased considerably after 2021, with cash operating taxes showing a more pronounced and consistent rise through 2023. The provision for income taxes experienced a sharp spike in 2022, followed by some reduction but remaining high through 2024. Cash operating taxes, while declining in 2024, stayed substantially higher than earlier years. This pattern could indicate changes in taxable income, tax planning strategies, or tax rate adjustments, resulting in elevated tax-related expenses and payments in recent years.
Invested Capital
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity.
4 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
5 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases experienced a general decline from 2020 through 2023, decreasing from 942,460 thousand US dollars to 808,400 thousand US dollars. However, in 2024, there was a significant increase to 1,749,500 thousand US dollars, more than doubling the previous year's figure. This suggests a notable rise in leverage or financing activities in the most recent year.
- Shareholders’ Equity
- Shareholders' equity demonstrated a consistent upward trend from 2020 to 2023, increasing from 8,686,815 thousand US dollars to 17,580,400 thousand US dollars. This growth reflects an accumulation of retained earnings or capital injections over the years. In 2024, there was a slight decline to 16,409,600 thousand US dollars, indicating a minor reduction in equity, which may reflect distributions to shareholders, losses, or other equity adjustments.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital rose steadily from 8,144,266 thousand US dollars in 2020 to 13,278,000 thousand US dollars in 2022. A plateau occurred between 2022 and 2023 with a marginal increase to 13,244,000 thousand US dollars. This was followed by a substantial decrease in 2024 to 9,046,000 thousand US dollars. This pattern may indicate a reduction in operating assets or a strategic realignment of capital deployment in the most recent period.
Cost of Capital
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | ||||||
| Amgen Inc. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Eli Lilly & Co. | ||||||
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | ||||||
| Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| Merck & Co. Inc. | ||||||
| Pfizer Inc. | ||||||
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Trend in Economic Profit
- The economic profit demonstrated a fluctuating trend over the observed periods. Initially, there was a strong positive value of 2,306,349 thousand US dollars in 2020, followed by a sharp decline to 1,412,185 thousand in 2021. The economic profit then rose again in 2022 to 1,823,121 thousand but decreased in 2023 to 1,467,995 thousand. A significant negative economic profit of -2,068,185 thousand US dollars was recorded in 2024, indicating a substantial downturn that year.
- Changes in Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed an overall upward trajectory from 2020 through 2023, beginning at 8,144,266 thousand US dollars in 2020, increasing steadily to 9,387,100 thousand in 2021, then experiencing a marked rise to 13,178,000 thousand in 2022, and stabilizing at a similar level of 13,244,000 thousand in 2023. However, in 2024, invested capital declined notably to 9,046,000 thousand US dollars, reversing the previous growth trend.
- Economic Spread Ratio Developments
- The economic spread ratio, which measures the return on invested capital above the cost of capital, showed a declining pattern from 28.32% in 2020 to 11.08% in 2023. This indicates a shrinking margin between returns and costs over these years. In 2024, the ratio sharply decreased to -22.86%, reflecting a negative spread and suggesting the company’s investments were generating returns below the cost of capital during that period.
- Overall Insights
- The data reveals a period of growth and profitability from 2020 through 2022, with increasing invested capital and mostly positive economic profit. However, from 2023 onward, both economic profit and economic spread ratio deteriorated, culminating in negative values in 2024. This signals an operational or financial challenge that may have impacted profitability and return on capital investments. The reduction in invested capital in 2024 also coincides with these negative results, possibly indicating divestment, asset write-downs, or restructuring activities.
Economic Profit Margin
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | ||||||
| Amgen Inc. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Eli Lilly & Co. | ||||||
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | ||||||
| Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| Merck & Co. Inc. | ||||||
| Pfizer Inc. | ||||||
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Revenue Trends
- Revenues have demonstrated a consistent upward trajectory over the five-year period. Starting at approximately 6.21 billion US dollars in 2020, revenues increased each year, reaching over 11.02 billion US dollars by 2024. This reflects a steady growth rate, indicating expanding business operations or improved market penetration.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit showed variability throughout the period. There was an initial decrease from approximately 2.31 billion US dollars in 2020 to about 1.41 billion in 2021, followed by a recovery to approximately 1.82 billion in 2022. Subsequently, it declined again to around 1.47 billion in 2023 and turned negative in 2024, with a loss of approximately 2.07 billion. This shift to negative economic profit in 2024 suggests challenges impacting profitability despite growing revenues.
- Economic Profit Margin Trends
- The economic profit margin followed a declining pattern overall. Beginning at a high margin of 37.17% in 2020, it decreased sharply to 18.64% in 2021, rebounded slightly to 20.41% in 2022, then declined further to 14.87% in 2023 before dropping to a negative margin of -18.77% in 2024. This trend highlights diminishing returns relative to revenues over time, culminating in a loss margin in the latest year.
- Summary Insights
- Although revenues have increased significantly over the period, economic profit and its margin exhibit a less favorable trajectory, culminating in a negative economic profit and margin in 2024. This may indicate rising costs, increased investments, or other financial pressures eroding profitability despite top-line growth. The divergence between revenue growth and declining economic profit margins warrants detailed examination to identify underlying causes and address potential inefficiencies or market challenges.