Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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McDonald’s Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Operating Profit Margin since 2005
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Debt to Equity since 2005
- Aggregate Accruals
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Economic Profit
McDonald’s Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The financial data reveals several important trends over the five-year period from 2020 to 2024. The net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) shows a generally positive trajectory, with figures increasing from 6,162 million USD in 2020 to a peak of 9,274 million USD in 2023, followed by a slight decline to 9,207 million USD in 2024. This pattern suggests overall growth in the company's operating profitability with a minor downturn in the most recent year.
The cost of capital has exhibited a gradual increase year-over-year, rising from 9.55% in 2020 to 10.44% in 2024. This incremental rise implies a steadily increasing expense related to financing the company’s investments, which may reflect changing market conditions or altered risk perceptions.
Invested capital presents a fluctuating pattern. Starting at 46,817 million USD in 2020, it rose slightly to 47,779 million USD in 2021 but then decreased to 45,461 million USD in 2022. Subsequently, it increased again to 50,097 million USD in 2023 before a small reduction to 49,627 million USD in 2024. This volatility in invested capital may indicate periodic shifts in asset base or capital expenditure strategies.
Economic profit, which considers the cost of capital, mirrors the trends observed in NOPAT but with more pronounced fluctuations. It rose significantly from 1,690 million USD in 2020 to 3,744 million USD in 2021, then decreased to 2,452 million USD in 2022. This was followed by a substantial recovery to 4,105 million USD in 2023 and a slight decline to 4,026 million USD in 2024. The pattern suggests that while profitability improved overall, the effectiveness of capital deployment has varied, with particularly strong value creation in 2021 and 2023.
In summary, the data indicates steady operational profitability growth amid a rising cost of capital, coupled with fluctuations in invested capital levels. Economic profit trends reveal variable but solid value creation, highlighting periods of both enhanced and reduced efficiency in capital utilization. The slight declines observed in 2024 in both NOPAT and economic profit warrant further attention to understand underlying causes.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
McDonald’s Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenues, initial franchise fees.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, net of capitalized interest = Adjusted interest expense, net of capitalized interest × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
The data reveals the financial performance of the company over a five-year period, highlighting trends in net income and net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT).
- Net Income
- There was a noticeable increase in net income from 2020 to 2021, rising from $4,731 million to $7,545 million. This was followed by a decline in 2022 to $6,177 million. Subsequently, net income rebounded strongly in 2023 to $8,469 million, before experiencing a slight decrease in 2024 to $8,223 million. Overall, net income exhibited volatility but maintained an upward trend across the period, ending significantly higher than the initial year.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT demonstrated a similar pattern to net income across the five years. Starting at $6,162 million in 2020, it increased to $8,491 million in 2021, then declined to $7,131 million in 2022. The figure rose again in 2023 to $9,274 million and slightly decreased in 2024 to $9,207 million. The overall trend shows growth over the period with some fluctuations, indicating effective operational profitability maximized after tax impacts.
- Comparative Insights
- The parallel movement between net income and NOPAT suggests a consistent relationship between operating efficiency and overall profitability. Both metrics experienced peak values in 2023, followed by modest declines in 2024. Despite the dips in 2022 and 2024, the data reflects resilience and recovery in financial performance, emphasizing the company's ability to manage profits through varying economic conditions.
Cash Operating Taxes
McDonald’s Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
- Provision for Income Taxes
- The provision for income taxes shows a consistent upward trend from 2020 to 2024. Starting at 1,410 million USD in 2020, it increased moderately to 1,583 million USD in 2021, and 1,648 million USD in 2022. There was a more pronounced rise in 2023 to 2,053 million USD, followed by a smaller increase to 2,121 million USD in 2024. Overall, this indicates a steady growth in the anticipated income tax expense over the five-year period.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes also exhibit a clear upward trajectory during the same period. Beginning at 1,772 million USD in 2020, the amount rose significantly to 2,367 million USD in 2021. It remained relatively stable in 2022 with a slight decrease to 2,334 million USD but then surged to 3,128 million USD in 2023. In 2024, there was a marginal decrease to 3,112 million USD. Despite the minor fluctuations, the overall pattern reflects increasing cash tax outflows over the years.
- Comparative Insights
- Both provision for income taxes and cash operating taxes demonstrate upward trends, indicating increasing tax obligations and cash outflows related to taxes. The cash operating taxes consistently exceed the provision for income taxes each year, with the gap widening particularly in 2023 and 2024. This could imply differences in timing, payment schedules, or adjustments between the accrual-based provision and actual cash payments. The growth in tax-related expenses corresponds with expected increases in earnings or taxable income, reflecting an expansion in the company's tax base or changes in tax rates and regulations over time.
Invested Capital
McDonald’s Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of deferred revenues, initial franchise fees.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity (deficit).
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of investments.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
-
The total reported debt and leases values show a generally fluctuating trend over the five-year period. Beginning at 51,463 million US dollars in 2020, the amount decreased to 49,349 million in 2021 and further slightly declined to 48,699 million in 2022. However, a notable increase occurred in 2023, rising to 53,091 million before slightly decreasing again to 51,948 million in 2024. This pattern indicates a period of debt reduction followed by renewed borrowing or lease commitments, and then a minor contraction.
- Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)
-
The shareholders’ equity, reported as a deficit throughout the period, displays a fluctuating but improving trend after an initial deterioration. Starting at a deficit of -7,825 million US dollars in 2020, the deficit narrowed to -4,601 million in 2021, suggesting an improvement in net assets. Subsequently, it worsened again to -6,003 million in 2022 but improved substantially to -4,707 million in 2023, and further to -3,797 million in 2024. Overall, despite remaining negative, the equity position shows a gradual reduction in deficit size toward the end of the period.
- Invested Capital
-
The invested capital shows moderate year-to-year variation. Starting at 46,817 million US dollars in 2020, it increased slightly to 47,779 million in 2021 before decreasing to 45,461 million in 2022. This is followed by a considerable increase to 50,097 million in 2023, before a slight decline to 49,627 million in 2024. The data suggests fluctuating levels of capital invested in the business, with a peak in 2023 and a mild reduction afterward but still maintaining a level above the initial years.
- Summary Insights
-
The overall financial structure reflects a company managing its debt and equity with some volatility. The fluctuations in total reported debt and leases indicate active adjustments in financing strategies. Despite a consistent equity deficit, the trend toward reducing the deficit over time is a positive sign of improving net asset value. Invested capital variations imply measured reinvestment and capital allocation strategies, with a peak in 2023 suggesting increased operational or strategic investment that is somewhat maintained in 2024. The combined trends show an entity engaged in dynamic financial management amid a negative but improving equity backdrop.
Cost of Capital
McDonald’s Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt obligations and finance lease liability3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt obligations and finance lease liability. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt obligations and finance lease liability3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt obligations and finance lease liability. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt obligations and finance lease liability3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt obligations and finance lease liability. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt obligations and finance lease liability3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt obligations and finance lease liability. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt obligations and finance lease liability3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt obligations and finance lease liability. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
McDonald’s Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Airbnb Inc. | ||||||
| Booking Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. | ||||||
| DoorDash, Inc. | ||||||
| Starbucks Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data over the five-year period reveals meaningful variations in economic profit, invested capital, and the economic spread ratio.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit displayed an overall upward trend, beginning at 1,690 million US dollars in 2020 and reaching a peak of 4,105 million US dollars in 2023. However, there was a noticeable decline in 2022 to 2,452 million US dollars before recovering strongly in 2023. The subsequent year, 2024, experienced a slight decrease to 4,026 million US dollars but remained significantly higher than the initial years.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a relatively stable yet fluctuating pattern. It increased modestly from 46,817 million US dollars in 2020 to 47,779 million US dollars in 2021, then decreased to 45,461 million US dollars in 2022. The capital base expanded to 50,097 million US dollars in 2023 and then slightly declined to 49,627 million US dollars in 2024. These changes suggest periodic adjustments in investment levels with an overall increasing tendency.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio rose sharply between 2020 and 2021 from 3.61% to 7.84%, indicating improved profitability relative to invested capital. Although it decreased to 5.39% in 2022, the ratio increased again to a high of 8.19% in 2023 and slightly declined to 8.11% in 2024. This demonstrates sustained efficiency in generating returns above the cost of capital in recent years.
In summary, the company has experienced growth in economic profit and maintained a strong economic spread ratio despite some volatility in invested capital. The data points to effective capital utilization and enhanced value creation over the period analyzed.
Economic Profit Margin
McDonald’s Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues, initial franchise fees | ||||||
| Adjusted revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Airbnb Inc. | ||||||
| Booking Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. | ||||||
| DoorDash, Inc. | ||||||
| Starbucks Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data over the five-year period exhibits notable variations in key performance indicators related to profitability and revenue generation.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit shows a fluctuating trend with a significant increase from 1,690 million US dollars in 2020 to 3,744 million US dollars in 2021. However, it declined to 2,452 million US dollars in 2022 before rising sharply again in 2023 to 4,105 million US dollars. The figure slightly declined to 4,026 million US dollars in 2024 but remained close to the peak observed in the previous year, indicating strong profitability overall.
- Adjusted Revenues
- Adjusted revenues increased steadily over the five years, from 19,249 million US dollars in 2020 to 25,908 million US dollars in 2024. This represents a consistent upward trend, with a minor dip in 2022 relative to 2021, but the overall trajectory remains positive reflecting an expansion in the company's revenue base.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin reflects a pattern similar to that of economic profit, with a rise from 8.78% in 2020 to 16.1% in 2021. This margin decreased to 10.57% in 2022, then rebounded to 16.08% in 2023 and slightly decreased to 15.54% in 2024. Despite some volatility, the economic profit margin consistently stayed above 8%, reaching levels above 15% in the later years, which suggests improved efficiency and profitability in those periods.
In summary, the data indicates that while there were fluctuations in economic profit and its margin, the overall profitability of the company has increased since 2020, supported by a steady rise in adjusted revenues. The rebound in economic profit and margin after 2022 highlights resilience and effective management in generating value from revenues.