EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

FedEx Corp., economic profit calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18), 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14), 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

2019 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	FedEx Corp.’s economic profit declined from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

FedEx Corp., NOPAT calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Net income
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents³
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁴
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁵
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁶
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁷
	Investment income, after taxes⁸
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18), 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14), 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

2019 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.

⁴ Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁵ Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁶ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.

⁷ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁸ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	FedEx Corp.’s NOPAT increased from 2017 to 2018 but then declined significantly from 2018 to 2019.

FedEx Corp., cash operating taxes calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Provision for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18), 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14), 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	FedEx Corp.’s cash operating taxes declined from 2017 to 2018 but then slightly increased from 2018 to 2019.

FedEx Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

USD $ in millions

		May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Current portion of long-term debt
	Long-term debt, less current portion
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Common stockholders’ investment
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowances for doubtful accounts³
	Equity equivalents⁴
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁵
	Adjusted common stockholders’ investment
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18), 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14), 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of equity equivalents to common stockholders’ investment.

⁵ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	FedEx Corp.’s invested capital increased from 2017 to 2018 but then slightly declined from 2018 to 2019.

FedEx Corp., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 29.20%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 29.20%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Long-term debt. See Details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See Details »

FedEx Corp., economic spread calculation

		May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (USD $ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Invested capital²
	Ratio
	Economic spread³

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18), 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14), 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

2019 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Invested capital. See Details »

³ Economic spread = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic spread	The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital.	FedEx Corp.’s economic spread improved from 2017 to 2018 but then deteriorated significantly from 2018 to 2019.

FedEx Corp., economic profit margin calculation

		May 31, 2019	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2017	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	May 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (USD $ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Revenues
	Ratio
	Economic profit margin²

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2018-07-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-07-17), 10-K (filing date: 2016-07-18), 10-K (filing date: 2015-07-14), 10-K (filing date: 2014-07-14).

2019 Calculations

¹ Economic profit. See Details »

² Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenues
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Ratio	Description	The company
Economic profit margin	The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin.	FedEx Corp.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

	FedEx Corp.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
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Long-term Trends
Analysis
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FedEx Corp. (FDX)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

May 31, 2019

May 31, 2018

May 31, 2017

May 31, 2016

May 31, 2015

May 31, 2014

Economic Spread

Economic Profit Margin