Stock Analysis on Net

KLA Corp. (NASDAQ:KLAC)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Microsoft Excel

Economic Profit

KLA Corp., economic profit calculation

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Jun 30, 2025 Jun 30, 2024 Jun 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2020
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 3,852,307 3,284,868 3,464,285 3,432,493 2,157,964 1,310,622
Cost of capital2 19.99% 19.68% 19.41% 18.91% 19.54% 18.74%
Invested capital3 9,244,891 8,881,599 8,526,100 8,075,406 6,820,696 6,592,642
 
Economic profit4 2,004,130 1,537,245 1,809,718 1,905,155 825,185 75,062

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).

1 NOPAT. See details »

2 Cost of capital. See details »

3 Invested capital. See details »

4 2025 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 3,852,30719.99% × 9,244,891 = 2,004,130


The financial performance between June 2020 and June 2025 demonstrates a strong trajectory in value creation, characterized by a significant expansion in economic profit despite a steadily increasing capital base and a rising cost of capital.

Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
A substantial upward trend is observed from 2020 to 2022, during which NOPAT increased from US$ 1,310,622 thousand to US$ 3,432,493 thousand. Following a period of relative stability and a slight contraction in 2024, a strong recovery occurred by June 2025, with NOPAT reaching a peak of US$ 3,852,307 thousand.
Invested Capital and Cost of Capital
Invested capital has exhibited consistent year-over-year growth, rising from US$ 6,592,642 thousand in 2020 to US$ 9,244,891 thousand in 2025. Concurrently, the cost of capital has remained within a tight range but shows a gradual upward trend, moving from 18.74% to 19.99% over the analysis period.
Economic Profit Dynamics
Economic profit experienced rapid acceleration between 2020 and 2022, growing from US$ 75,062 thousand to US$ 1,905,155 thousand. A moderate decline was noted in 2023 and 2024, which coincided with a plateau in NOPAT and the continued increase in both invested capital and the cost of capital. However, the period concludes with a significant rebound in 2025, where economic profit reached its maximum value of US$ 2,004,130 thousand.

The analysis indicates that the organization has successfully scaled its operations, as the growth in operating profits has largely outpaced the increasing charges associated with its capital base. The resilience observed in 2025 suggests an enhanced capacity to generate returns that exceed the required threshold of capital, thereby increasing the overall economic value added.

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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

KLA Corp., NOPAT calculation

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Jun 30, 2025 Jun 30, 2024 Jun 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2020
Net income attributable to KLA 4,061,643 2,761,896 3,387,277 3,321,807 2,078,292 1,216,785
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)1 (244,806) (138,878) (355,153) (353,780) (45,622) (93,342)
Increase (decrease) in allowance for credit losses2 1,233 (850) 13,001 2,595 6,214 (179)
Increase (decrease) in deferred system and service revenue3 (68,553) 537,235 237,683 339,621 1,648 78,266
Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents4 (312,126) 397,507 (104,469) (11,564) (37,760) (15,255)
Interest expense 302,166 311,253 296,940 160,339 157,328 160,274
Interest expense, operating lease liability5 8,283 8,149 5,793 2,476 1,690 1,988
Adjusted interest expense 310,449 319,402 302,733 162,815 159,018 162,262
Tax benefit of interest expense6 (65,194) (67,074) (63,574) (34,191) (33,394) (34,075)
Adjusted interest expense, after taxes7 245,255 252,327 239,159 128,624 125,624 128,187
(Gain) loss on marketable securities (59) 103 986 306 (253) (297)
Interest income (180,276) (160,688) (74,095) (8,695) (8,929) (21,646)
Investment income, before taxes (180,335) (160,585) (73,109) (8,389) (9,182) (21,943)
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income8 37,870 33,723 15,353 1,762 1,928 4,608
Investment income, after taxes9 (142,465) (126,862) (57,756) (6,627) (7,254) (17,335)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest 74 253 (939) (1,760)
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) 3,852,307 3,284,868 3,464,285 3,432,493 2,157,964 1,310,622

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).

1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for credit losses.

3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred system and service revenue.

4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to KLA.

5 2025 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 204,025 × 4.06% = 8,283

6 2025 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 310,449 × 21.00% = 65,194

7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to KLA.

8 2025 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= 180,335 × 21.00% = 37,870

9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.


The financial performance over the reviewed periods demonstrates notable fluctuations and growth patterns in key profitability metrics.

Net Income Attributable to KLA
The net income shows a strong upward trajectory from 1,216,785 thousand US dollars in mid-2020 to 3,381,277 thousand US dollars by mid-2023, indicating a substantial increase in profitability over the initial years. However, there is a decline in mid-2024 to 2,761,896 thousand US dollars, suggesting a temporary setback or increased expenses during this period. This is followed by a significant recovery and peak at 4,061,643 thousand US dollars in mid-2025, marking the highest profit level recorded in these periods.
Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
NOPAT trends closely follow the net income pattern, starting at 1,310,622 thousand US dollars in mid-2020 and rising steadily to 3,464,285 thousand US dollars by mid-2023. There is a minor decline to 3,284,868 thousand US dollars in mid-2024, aligning with the net income dip and possibly indicating operational challenges or market factors impacting earnings. By mid-2025, NOPAT recovers to 3,852,307 thousand US dollars, reflecting improved operational efficiency and profitability.

Overall, the data indicates robust growth in profitability over the five-year span with a minor interruption around mid-2024. The subsequent recovery in the latest period suggests resilience and effectiveness in addressing prior challenges.

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Cash Operating Taxes

KLA Corp., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Jun 30, 2025 Jun 30, 2024 Jun 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2020
Provision for income taxes 582,805 428,136 401,839 167,177 283,101 101,686
Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit) (244,806) (138,878) (355,153) (353,780) (45,622) (93,342)
Add: Tax savings from interest expense 65,194 67,074 63,574 34,191 33,394 34,075
Less: Tax imposed on investment income 37,870 33,723 15,353 1,762 1,928 4,608
Cash operating taxes 854,935 600,366 805,213 553,387 360,189 224,495

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).


The financial data reveals notable fluctuations in the taxation-related expenses over the analyzed periods.

Provision for Income Taxes

This item exhibits a generally increasing trend with some volatility. Starting from approximately 101.7 million USD in mid-2020, the provision saw a significant rise to 283.1 million USD by mid-2021. However, it then decreased to 167.2 million USD in mid-2022 before sharply increasing again to 401.8 million USD in mid-2023. The upward momentum continued, reaching 428.1 million USD in mid-2024 and further increasing to 582.8 million USD by mid-2025. Overall, there is a clear upward trajectory with a notable dip in the middle of the period.

Cash Operating Taxes

Cash operating taxes show a consistent and marked upward trend over the time horizon. Beginning at 224.5 million USD in mid-2020, the figure rose steadily to 360.2 million USD in mid-2021 and further climbed to 553.4 million USD by mid-2022. This increase continued substantially, reaching 805.2 million USD in mid-2023. A temporary decrease occurred in mid-2024 to 600.4 million USD, after which the amount surged again to a peak of 854.9 million USD by mid-2025. Despite the single-year decline in mid-2024, the overall pattern is one of significant growth in cash operating tax payments.

In summary, both provision for income taxes and cash operating taxes show increasing trends over the five-year period, indicative of either growth in taxable income, changes in tax rates, or adjustments in tax accounting. The volatility in the provision for income taxes suggests variability in anticipated tax expenses, while the cash operating taxes generally increase, reflecting the actual cash outflows related to tax payments with a minor temporary decline. These trends highlight growing fiscal obligations and possibly evolving tax strategies or financial conditions during the period analyzed.

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Invested Capital

KLA Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
Jun 30, 2025 Jun 30, 2024 Jun 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2020
Short-term debt 20,000
Current portion of long-term debt 749,936
Long-term debt, excluding current portion 5,884,257 5,880,199 5,890,736 6,660,718 3,422,767 3,469,670
Operating lease liability1 204,025 189,508 172,396 113,587 103,061 99,879
Total reported debt & leases 6,088,282 6,819,643 6,063,132 6,774,305 3,545,828 3,569,549
Total KLA stockholders’ equity 4,692,453 3,368,328 2,919,753 1,401,351 3,377,554 2,665,424
Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities2 (658,825) (428,599) (287,654) 79,764 380,162 424,231
Allowance for credit losses3 34,015 32,782 33,632 20,631 18,036 11,822
Deferred system and service revenue4 1,713,689 1,782,242 1,245,007 1,007,324 667,703 666,055
Equity equivalents5 1,088,879 1,386,425 990,985 1,107,719 1,065,901 1,102,108
Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax6 (1,201) 49,075 36,341 27,471 75,557 79,774
Non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries (2,261) (1,912) 15,586
Adjusted total KLA stockholders’ equity 5,780,131 4,803,828 3,947,079 2,534,280 4,517,100 3,862,892
Construction-in-process7 (207,807) (215,006) (168,817) (110,079) (182,320) (93,736)
Marketable securities8 (2,415,715) (2,526,866) (1,315,294) (1,123,100) (1,059,912) (746,063)
Invested capital 9,244,891 8,881,599 8,526,100 8,075,406 6,820,696 6,592,642

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).

1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.

2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

4 Addition of deferred system and service revenue.

5 Addition of equity equivalents to total KLA stockholders’ equity.

6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

7 Subtraction of construction-in-process.

8 Subtraction of marketable securities.


The annual financial data reveals several notable trends in the company's capital structure from 2020 to the projected figures in 2025.

Total Reported Debt & Leases
The total reported debt and leases showed some volatility over the period analyzed. Initially, the debt level was approximately $3.57 billion in mid-2020, slightly decreasing to around $3.55 billion in mid-2021. Subsequently, there was a marked increase, with debt nearly doubling to about $6.77 billion by mid-2022. This peak was followed by a decline to approximately $6.06 billion in mid-2023. The debt rose again to an estimated $6.82 billion in mid-2024 before decreasing to roughly $6.09 billion by mid-2025. Overall, the company's debt levels experienced significant fluctuations, suggesting adjustments in financing strategy or capital needs during this period.
Total KLA Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ equity grew from approximately $2.67 billion in mid-2020 to a peak near $3.38 billion in mid-2021. However, it then sharply declined to about $1.40 billion by mid-2022. This sudden drop contrasts with a recovery trend starting in mid-2023, when equity climbed back to nearly $2.92 billion, rising further to approximately $3.37 billion in mid-2024 and ultimately reaching an estimated $4.69 billion in mid-2025. This pattern indicates a strong rebound in equity after a significant contraction, possibly due to operational results, capital injections, or asset revaluations during this timeframe.
Invested Capital
Invested capital shows a consistent upward trend throughout the period examined. Starting at about $6.59 billion in mid-2020, it increased steadily each year to reach an estimated $9.24 billion by mid-2025. This gradual rise suggests ongoing investments in the business's productive assets, reflecting growth initiatives or expansion strategies employed by the company.

In summary, while invested capital demonstrated steady growth, the capital structure evidenced by debt and equity components experienced significant variability. The fluctuations in debt and equity, particularly the sharp decline and subsequent recovery in stockholders’ equity, signal dynamic financial management possibly responding to external conditions or strategic shifts. The overall increase in invested capital alongside these changes implies that the company is actively managing its financial resources to support its operations and growth outlook over the medium term.

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Cost of Capital

KLA Corp., cost of capital calculations

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 120,718,261 120,718,261 ÷ 126,462,286 = 0.95 0.95 × 20.77% = 19.82%
Debt3 5,540,000 5,540,000 ÷ 126,462,286 = 0.04 0.04 × 4.67% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.16%
Operating lease liability4 204,025 204,025 ÷ 126,462,286 = 0.00 0.00 × 4.06% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.01%
Total: 126,462,286 1.00 19.99%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 94,568,003 94,568,003 ÷ 101,017,511 = 0.94 0.94 × 20.77% = 19.44%
Debt3 6,260,000 6,260,000 ÷ 101,017,511 = 0.06 0.06 × 4.67% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.23%
Operating lease liability4 189,508 189,508 ÷ 101,017,511 = 0.00 0.00 × 4.30% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.01%
Total: 101,017,511 1.00 19.68%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 67,881,517 67,881,517 ÷ 73,743,913 = 0.92 0.92 × 20.77% = 19.12%
Debt3 5,690,000 5,690,000 ÷ 73,743,913 = 0.08 0.08 × 4.64% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.28%
Operating lease liability4 172,396 172,396 ÷ 73,743,913 = 0.00 0.00 × 3.36% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.01%
Total: 73,743,913 1.00 19.41%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 56,111,754 56,111,754 ÷ 62,890,341 = 0.89 0.89 × 20.77% = 18.53%
Debt3 6,665,000 6,665,000 ÷ 62,890,341 = 0.11 0.11 × 4.55% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.38%
Operating lease liability4 113,587 113,587 ÷ 62,890,341 = 0.00 0.00 × 2.18% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.00%
Total: 62,890,341 1.00 18.91%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 53,977,311 53,977,311 ÷ 58,080,372 = 0.93 0.93 × 20.77% = 19.30%
Debt3 4,000,000 4,000,000 ÷ 58,080,372 = 0.07 0.07 × 4.36% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.24%
Operating lease liability4 103,061 103,061 ÷ 58,080,372 = 0.00 0.00 × 1.64% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.00%
Total: 58,080,372 1.00 19.54%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 31,543,127 31,543,127 ÷ 35,703,006 = 0.88 0.88 × 20.77% = 18.35%
Debt3 4,060,000 4,060,000 ÷ 35,703,006 = 0.11 0.11 × 4.33% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.39%
Operating lease liability4 99,879 99,879 ÷ 35,703,006 = 0.00 0.00 × 1.99% × (1 – 21.00%) = 0.00%
Total: 35,703,006 1.00 18.74%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »


Economic Spread Ratio

KLA Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks

Microsoft Excel
Jun 30, 2025 Jun 30, 2024 Jun 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2020
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands)
Economic profit1 2,004,130 1,537,245 1,809,718 1,905,155 825,185 75,062
Invested capital2 9,244,891 8,881,599 8,526,100 8,075,406 6,820,696 6,592,642
Performance Ratio
Economic spread ratio3 21.68% 17.31% 21.23% 23.59% 12.10% 1.14%
Benchmarks
Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4
Advanced Micro Devices Inc. -21.58% -27.84% -29.27% -28.89% 27.68%
Analog Devices Inc. -11.98% -14.10% -10.01% -11.38% -14.62% -9.56%
Applied Materials Inc. 17.03% 10.13% 13.12% 23.09% 18.58% 6.93%
Broadcom Inc. -2.94% -10.35% 4.88% 3.62% -5.62% -10.84%
Intel Corp. -18.73% -30.05% -19.94% -13.16% 3.43%
Lam Research Corp. 14.36% -0.79% 4.55% 19.53% 14.87% -0.82%
Micron Technology Inc. -5.84% -17.75% -29.70% -2.06% -6.67% -12.11%
NVIDIA Corp. 117.07% 61.62% -16.46% 25.74% 6.22%
Qualcomm Inc. 12.45% 7.65% 0.18% 26.62% 24.01% 9.08%
Texas Instruments Inc. 2.47% 2.78% 12.40% 32.98% 31.62%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).

1 Economic profit. See details »

2 Invested capital. See details »

3 2025 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 2,004,130 ÷ 9,244,891 = 21.68%

4 Click competitor name to see calculations.


The analysis of economic value added indicates a period of substantial growth in value creation and capital efficiency. After a baseline period of marginal economic profit in 2020, there was a rapid acceleration in performance that peaked in 2022, followed by a period of stabilization and a subsequent recovery by 2025.

Invested Capital Trends
Invested capital shows a consistent and linear upward trajectory over the six-year period. The capital base grew from US$ 6.59 billion in 2020 to US$ 9.24 billion in 2025. This steady increase suggests a continuous commitment to expanding the operational asset base to support growth.
Economic Profit Dynamics
Economic profit experienced an explosive increase between 2020 and 2022, rising from US$ 75.06 million to a peak of US$ 1.91 billion. A moderate decline followed, with profit dipping to US$ 1.54 billion by June 30, 2024. However, this trend reversed in 2025, with economic profit reaching its highest recorded level of US$ 2.00 billion.
Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
The economic spread ratio, which measures the excess return over the cost of capital, shifted from a near-breakeven point of 1.14% in 2020 to a high of 23.59% in 2022. Despite a contraction to 17.31% in 2024, the ratio rebounded to 21.68% in 2025. This pattern indicates that while capital efficiency fluctuated after 2022, the organization maintained a significant and positive spread, effectively generating value well above its cost of capital.

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Economic Profit Margin

KLA Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks

Microsoft Excel
Jun 30, 2025 Jun 30, 2024 Jun 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2020
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands)
Economic profit1 2,004,130 1,537,245 1,809,718 1,905,155 825,185 75,062
 
Revenues 12,156,162 9,812,247 10,496,056 9,211,883 6,918,734 5,806,424
Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred system and service revenue (68,553) 537,235 237,683 339,621 1,648 78,266
Adjusted revenues 12,087,609 10,349,482 10,733,739 9,551,504 6,920,382 5,884,690
Performance Ratio
Economic profit margin2 16.58% 14.85% 16.86% 19.95% 11.92% 1.28%
Benchmarks
Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3
Advanced Micro Devices Inc. -38.46% -62.88% -74.71% -71.63% 10.44%
Analog Devices Inc. -45.74% -65.11% -35.95% -42.63% -93.91% -31.07%
Applied Materials Inc. 12.08% 7.05% 8.80% 13.34% 11.86% 5.28%
Broadcom Inc. -6.89% -28.31% 8.53% 6.77% -13.23% -29.93%
Intel Corp. -41.33% -52.24% -33.87% -18.50% 3.84%
Lam Research Corp. 12.00% -0.80% 3.99% 14.41% 12.00% -0.96%
Micron Technology Inc. -9.55% -37.69% -102.18% -3.53% -11.15% -23.89%
NVIDIA Corp. 42.40% 31.11% -13.02% 17.25% 4.86%
Qualcomm Inc. 8.79% 6.07% 0.16% 17.73% 14.46% 6.85%
Texas Instruments Inc. 3.99% 4.65% 15.99% 28.92% 28.28%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30).

1 Economic profit. See details »

2 2025 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × 2,004,130 ÷ 12,087,609 = 16.58%

3 Click competitor name to see calculations.


Between June 30, 2020, and June 30, 2025, a substantial increase in economic value creation is evident, characterized by a rapid expansion of profit margins followed by a period of stabilization and eventual recovery.

Economic Profit Margin Trends
The economic profit margin experienced a sharp ascent from 1.28% in 2020 to a peak of 19.95% in 2022. This represents a period of aggressive value growth. Following this peak, a moderate contraction occurred, with the margin declining to 16.86% in 2023 and further to 14.85% in 2024. By June 30, 2025, the margin rebounded to 16.58%, indicating a restoration of profitability efficiency.
Economic Profit Growth
Absolute economic profit grew exponentially from 75,062 thousand USD in 2020 to 1,905,155 thousand USD in 2022. Despite a downward trend through 2024, where profit fell to 1,537,245 thousand USD, the period concluded with a new high of 2,004,130 thousand USD in 2025, demonstrating long-term resilience in generating wealth above the cost of capital.
Revenue Correlation
Adjusted revenues showed a consistent upward trajectory for the majority of the period, growing from 5,884,690 thousand USD in 2020 to 12,087,609 thousand USD in 2025. While revenues increased steadily, the economic profit margin did not move in perfect lockstep, particularly between 2022 and 2024, suggesting that cost of capital or operational expenses influenced the economic profit more heavily than revenue growth alone during those years.

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