Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Pioneer Natural Resources Co. pages available for free this week:
- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Common Stock Valuation Ratios
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
- Aggregate Accruals
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Economic Profit
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2023 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT experienced significant fluctuations over the analyzed period. It started at 1,075 million US dollars in 2019, fell sharply to a negative value of -149 million in 2020, indicating an operational loss. A recovery occurred in 2021, with NOPAT rising to 2,831 million US dollars, followed by a substantial increase to 9,759 million in 2022. However, in 2023, NOPAT declined again to 5,533 million US dollars, though remaining positive and well above the initial 2019 level.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained relatively stable over the years, fluctuating slightly between 15.8% and 16.51%. The highest rate was observed in 2023 (16.51%), and the lowest in 2021 (15.8%). This consistency reflects a stable required return rate for invested capital during the timeframe, with only minor variations.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a general upward trend throughout the period. From 16,681 million US dollars in 2019, it increased marginally to 17,004 million in 2020 before nearly doubling to 32,653 million in 2021. It slightly decreased to 32,194 million in 2022 and then rose again to 33,333 million in 2023. This indicates ongoing investments or asset growth over the years despite some fluctuations.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit was negative in the first four years under review, starting at -1,638 million US dollars in 2019 and worsening to -2,869 million in 2020. It improved slightly to -2,328 million in 2021, then shifted to a positive 4,564 million in 2022, reflecting value creation beyond the cost of capital in that year. However, in 2023, economic profit dropped sharply close to zero at 29 million, suggesting that value generation nearly ceased despite positive accounting profits.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in employee-related obligations.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
4 2023 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2023 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
- Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders
- The net income experienced significant volatility over the analyzed periods. In 2019, the company reported a positive net income of 756 million US dollars. However, in 2020, there was a notable decline resulting in a net loss of 200 million US dollars, indicating a challenging year likely impacted by adverse conditions. The financial position improved markedly in 2021 with net income rising sharply to 2,118 million US dollars. This upward trend intensified dramatically in 2022, reaching a peak of 7,845 million US dollars, reflecting a period of strong profitability. In 2023, net income decreased substantially to 4,894 million US dollars but remained significantly higher than the levels seen prior to 2021, indicating sustained profitability despite some contraction.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT mirrored the trends observed in net income, exhibiting considerable fluctuations across the years. Initially, in 2019, NOPAT was positive at 1,075 million US dollars before declining sharply to a negative 149 million US dollars in 2020, suggesting operational challenges that year. An impressive rebound occurred in 2021, with NOPAT increasing to 2,831 million US dollars, more than offsetting the previous year's loss. The peak was achieved in 2022 with a substantial increase in operational profitability to 9,759 million US dollars. In 2023, NOPAT decreased to 5,533 million US dollars but remained well above the pre-2021 levels, indicating that operational efficiency and profitability remained robust.
- Overall Trends and Insights
- Both net income and NOPAT demonstrate a notable turnaround starting in 2021 after significant setbacks in 2020. The year 2020 represents a clear outlier characterized by a steep decline, likely due to extraordinary factors impacting performance. Following this, the company recovered strongly, reaching record high levels in 2022 for both profitability metrics, before experiencing a retrenchment in 2023. The persistence of positive and elevated profitability figures post-2020 suggests improved operational effectiveness and market conditions, despite some volatility. The gap between net income and NOPAT across the years indicates the influence of factors beyond core operations affecting bottom-line results. The data suggests a resilient financial performance trajectory after overcoming a period of adversity.
Cash Operating Taxes
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
- Income Tax Provision (Benefit)
- The income tax provision exhibits significant volatility over the analyzed periods. It declined from 231 million USD in 2019 to a benefit of 61 million USD in 2020, indicating a reversal or reduction in tax obligations during that year. Subsequently, it surged to 628 million USD in 2021, followed by a sharp increase to 2,106 million USD in 2022. In 2023, the provision decreased to 1,353 million USD, remaining substantially higher than the levels observed in 2019 and 2021. This pattern suggests fluctuating taxable income or changes in tax regulations impacting the company's tax expenses.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes have shown a consistent upward trend throughout the periods analyzed. Beginning at 23 million USD in 2019, the amount slightly decreased to 19 million USD in 2020 but then increased markedly to 80 million USD in 2021. The upward trend accelerated in subsequent years, reaching 328 million USD in 2022 and further rising to 882 million USD in 2023. This steady growth indicates increasing cash tax outflows related to operating activities, possibly reflecting higher taxable income or changes in operational structure or tax policy.
Invested Capital
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of employee-related obligations.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of short-term investment.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases exhibit considerable variability across the five-year period. Starting at 3,167 million US dollars in 2019, the debt increased to 4,066 million in 2020. A significant surge is observed in 2021, with the debt nearly doubling to 7,835 million. However, the subsequent years show a decline, dropping to 5,786 million in 2022 and remaining relatively stable at 5,760 million in 2023. This pattern suggests a peak in borrowing or leasing obligations in 2021 followed by deleveraging efforts or repayment in the following years.
- Equity
- Equity values show a generally positive trajectory over the period analyzed. Beginning at 12,119 million US dollars in 2019, equity slightly declined to 11,569 million in 2020. Post-2020, there is a dramatic increase in equity to 22,837 million in 2021, maintaining a stable level around 22,541 million in 2022 before rising modestly to 23,171 million in 2023. The substantial equity growth in 2021 may indicate a significant capital infusion, improved retained earnings, or revaluation of assets.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital follows a trend closely aligned with equity and total debt movements. Starting at 16,681 million US dollars in 2019, it shows a mild increase to 17,004 million in 2020. A large increase occurs in 2021, where invested capital nearly doubles to 32,653 million. The invested capital slightly decreases to 32,194 million in 2022 but then increases again to 33,333 million in 2023. This coincides with the variations in debt and equity, implying changes in the company's financing and asset base.
Cost of Capital
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease liability, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Chevron Corp. | ||||||
| ConocoPhillips | ||||||
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit exhibited a volatile trend over the observed period. Initially, it was negative and progressively worsened from -1,638 million USD in 2019 to a low of -2,869 million USD in 2020. Subsequently, there was a slight improvement in 2021 to -2,328 million USD, followed by a marked positive turnaround to 4,564 million USD in 2022. However, this positive momentum declined sharply to near neutrality at 29 million USD in 2023.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed an overall increasing trend. It remained relatively stable around 16,681 million USD in 2019 and 17,004 million USD in 2020, before experiencing a substantial increase in 2021 to 32,653 million USD. In the following years, it maintained a high level, with slight fluctuations, recording 32,194 million USD in 2022 and increasing again to 33,333 million USD in 2023.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio, which reflects the spread between return on invested capital and the cost of capital, mirrored the fluctuations observed in economic profit. It was deeply negative in 2019 and 2020 at -9.82% and -16.87% respectively, indicating inefficiency in generating returns above costs. In 2021, this negative ratio improved to -7.13%. A significant positive shift occurred in 2022 where the ratio reached 14.18%, indicating strong value creation. Nevertheless, this positivity sharply diminished to 0.09% in 2023, signaling a return to near breakeven conditions in economic terms.
Economic Profit Margin
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenue from contracts with purchasers | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Chevron Corp. | ||||||
| ConocoPhillips | ||||||
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenue from contracts with purchasers
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data exhibits notable fluctuations in key performance indicators over the five-year period ending in 2023.
- Economic Profit
- There is a negative economic profit from 2019 through 2021, with the largest loss occurring in 2020 at -$2,869 million. The economic profit improves significantly in 2022, reaching a positive $4,564 million, before declining sharply to a marginal $29 million in 2023. This suggests a period of initial economic underperformance followed by a temporary recovery and a subsequent stabilization near breakeven.
- Revenue from Contracts with Purchasers
- Revenue shows a dip from $9,671 million in 2019 to $7,024 million in 2020, reflecting a contraction in sales or contract value. This is followed by a strong and consistent increase in 2021 and 2022, peaking at $24,384 million in 2022. However, revenue decreases to $19,374 million in 2023, indicating some retraction yet remaining above the earlier years except for 2022. The revenue pattern suggests a recovery and growth phase interrupted by a slight downturn in the most recent period.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin aligns with the trend in economic profit, remaining negative from 2019 through 2021 with the lowest point at -40.84% in 2020. It shifts positively in 2022 to 18.72%, demonstrating enhanced profitability relative to revenue, before dropping significantly to 0.15% in 2023, indicating near breakeven profitability during the latter period.
Overall, the data indicates a challenging economic environment in the earlier years with losses and declining revenue, a strong rebound in 2021 and 2022 characterized by improved profitability and expanding revenues, and a modest slowdown or consolidation in 2023 with economic profit and margin approaching neutral levels despite reduced revenue compared to the peak year.