Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Chevron Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2025 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 13,042 – 12.56% × 274,202 = -21,387
The financial performance over the analyzed five-year period is characterized by significant volatility in operational profitability and a recurring inability to generate positive economic profit, with the exception of a singular outlier in 2022.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- Operational profitability experienced a dramatic surge in 2022, reaching 41,794 million US$, more than double the 2021 level. However, this peak was transient, as NOPAT returned to approximately 19,473 million US$ in 2023 and remained relatively stable through 2024. A significant contraction occurred in 2025, with NOPAT falling to 13,042 million US$, the lowest point in the observed period.
- Invested Capital and Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained remarkably stable, fluctuating narrowly between 12.29% and 12.80%. Invested capital showed a gradual increase from 2021 to 2022, followed by a period of stability through 2024. A sharp escalation in invested capital is observed in 2025, where the figure rose to 274,202 million US$, representing a substantial increase in the capital base required to support operations.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained negative for four of the five years analyzed, indicating that the returns generated were insufficient to cover the cost of the capital employed. The only period of value creation occurred in 2022, when the surge in NOPAT overcame the capital charge to produce a positive economic profit of 14,608 million US$. From 2023 onward, a downward trajectory resumed. The deficit reached its most severe level in 2025, with an economic profit of -21,387 million US$, driven by the simultaneous occurrence of declining NOPAT and a sharp increase in invested capital.
AI Ask an analyst for more
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Chevron Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued severance liability.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Chevron Corporation.
6 2025 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 5,985 × 4.00% = 239
7 2025 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest and debt expense = Adjusted interest and debt expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 1,456 × 21.00% = 306
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Chevron Corporation.
Net income attributable to Chevron Corporation and Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) exhibited significant fluctuations between 2021 and 2025. NOPAT demonstrated a substantial increase in 2022, followed by a decline in subsequent years, while net income mirrored this pattern, albeit with differing magnitudes.
- NOPAT Trend
- NOPAT increased markedly from US$19,443 million in 2021 to US$41,794 million in 2022, representing a growth of over 115%. This was followed by a decrease to US$19,473 million in 2023, nearly returning to the 2021 level. A slight increase to US$20,090 million occurred in 2024, but NOPAT then decreased again in 2025, reaching US$13,042 million. This final value represents a substantial decline from the 2022 peak and is the lowest value observed within the analyzed period.
- Net Income Trend
- Net income attributable to Chevron Corporation showed a similar pattern of volatility. It rose significantly from US$15,625 million in 2021 to US$35,465 million in 2022, a more than doubling of the prior year’s result. A substantial decrease was then observed in 2023, with net income falling to US$21,369 million. Further declines occurred in 2024 (US$17,661 million) and 2025 (US$12,299 million), resulting in a final value that is lower than the 2021 level.
- Relationship between NOPAT and Net Income
- While both metrics moved in the same direction over the period, the magnitude of change differed. The increase from 2021 to 2022 was more pronounced for NOPAT than for net income. Conversely, the declines from 2022 to 2025 were relatively more significant for net income. This suggests that factors impacting net income beyond core operating profitability, such as non-operating items or tax provisions, may have played a more substantial role in the latter part of the period.
The observed trends indicate a period of high profitability in 2022, followed by a consistent decline in both NOPAT and net income. The decrease in NOPAT from 2022 to 2025 warrants further investigation to determine the underlying drivers, such as changes in revenue, operating costs, or tax rates.
AI Ask an analyst for more
Cash Operating Taxes
Chevron Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
The reported income tax expense and cash operating taxes exhibit significant fluctuations over the five-year period. A substantial increase in both metrics is observed between 2021 and 2022, followed by a decrease in 2023, and a moderate increase in 2024 before declining again in 2025.
- Income Tax Expense
- Income tax expense increased markedly from US$5,950 million in 2021 to US$14,066 million in 2022. This represents a more than 136% increase. A subsequent decrease to US$8,173 million occurred in 2023, followed by a rise to US$9,757 million in 2024. The final year, 2025, saw a further reduction to US$7,258 million. The volatility suggests a strong correlation with underlying profitability and potentially changes in applicable tax rates or tax planning strategies.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes mirrored the trend of income tax expense. An increase from US$5,416 million in 2021 to US$12,067 million in 2022 was observed, representing a 123% increase. A decrease to US$7,986 million followed in 2023, with a subsequent increase to US$8,681 million in 2024. Finally, cash operating taxes decreased to US$6,579 million in 2025. The close alignment between cash operating taxes and income tax expense indicates that the company’s actual cash outflows for taxes are closely tied to its reported taxable income.
The difference between income tax expense and cash operating taxes, while generally small, suggests the presence of deferred tax items or other non-cash tax effects. The consistency of this difference across the period indicates a stable approach to tax accounting. The fluctuations in both measures highlight the sensitivity of the company’s tax burden to changes in earnings and external tax factors.
AI Ask an analyst for more
Invested Capital
Chevron Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »
5 Addition of accrued severance liability.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to total Chevron Corporation stockholders’ equity.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of marketable securities.
The invested capital of the corporation exhibited an overall increasing trend between 2021 and 2025, though with some fluctuation. Total reported debt & leases and total stockholders’ equity both contribute to the calculation of invested capital, and their individual movements influence the overall trend.
- Invested Capital Trend
- Invested capital began at US$193,606 million in 2021, increasing to US$212,342 million in 2022. It remained relatively stable in 2023 at US$212,337 million before decreasing slightly to US$208,395 million in 2024. A significant increase was then observed in 2025, reaching US$274,202 million.
- Debt & Leases
- Total reported debt & leases decreased from US$34,872 million in 2021 to US$27,370 million in 2022, continuing to US$26,070 million in 2023. An increase was noted in 2024, rising to US$29,611 million, followed by a substantial increase to US$46,743 million in 2025. This represents the largest single-year increase in this metric over the observed period.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Total stockholders’ equity increased from US$139,067 million in 2021 to US$159,282 million in 2022, and further to US$160,957 million in 2023. A decrease was observed in 2024, falling to US$152,318 million, before rising significantly to US$186,450 million in 2025.
The substantial increase in invested capital in 2025 appears to be driven by concurrent increases in both debt & leases and stockholders’ equity. The decrease in invested capital from 2023 to 2024 is attributable to a decrease in stockholders’ equity, partially offset by a slight increase in debt & leases. The earlier increases in invested capital from 2021 to 2023 were supported by increases in both components, though stockholders’ equity contributed more significantly to the growth.
AI Ask an analyst for more
Cost of Capital
Chevron Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 369,825) | 369,825) | ÷ | 415,997) | = | 0.89 | 0.89 | × | 13.68% | = | 12.17% | ||
| Debt3 | 40,187) | 40,187) | ÷ | 415,997) | = | 0.10 | 0.10 | × | 4.52% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.34% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 5,985) | 5,985) | ÷ | 415,997) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 4.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.05% | ||
| Total: | 415,997) | 1.00 | 12.56% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 276,273) | 276,273) | ÷ | 304,336) | = | 0.91 | 0.91 | × | 13.68% | = | 12.42% | ||
| Debt3 | 22,993) | 22,993) | ÷ | 304,336) | = | 0.08 | 0.08 | × | 2.91% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.17% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 5,070) | 5,070) | ÷ | 304,336) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 3.70% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.05% | ||
| Total: | 304,336) | 1.00 | 12.64% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 286,855) | 286,855) | ÷ | 311,444) | = | 0.92 | 0.92 | × | 13.68% | = | 12.60% | ||
| Debt3 | 19,355) | 19,355) | ÷ | 311,444) | = | 0.06 | 0.06 | × | 2.94% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.14% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 5,234) | 5,234) | ÷ | 311,444) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 3.30% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.04% | ||
| Total: | 311,444) | 1.00 | 12.79% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 308,748) | 308,748) | ÷ | 334,155) | = | 0.92 | 0.92 | × | 13.68% | = | 12.64% | ||
| Debt3 | 21,376) | 21,376) | ÷ | 334,155) | = | 0.06 | 0.06 | × | 2.79% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.14% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 4,031) | 4,031) | ÷ | 334,155) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 1.90% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 334,155) | 1.00 | 12.80% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 262,628) | 262,628) | ÷ | 298,265) | = | 0.88 | 0.88 | × | 13.68% | = | 12.05% | ||
| Debt3 | 32,134) | 32,134) | ÷ | 298,265) | = | 0.11 | 0.11 | × | 2.56% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.22% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 3,503) | 3,503) | ÷ | 298,265) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 2.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 298,265) | 1.00 | 12.29% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Chevron Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | (21,387) | (6,261) | (7,690) | 14,608) | (4,346) | |
| Invested capital2 | 274,202) | 208,395) | 212,337) | 212,342) | 193,606) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | -7.80% | -3.00% | -3.62% | 6.88% | -2.24% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| ConocoPhillips | 0.19% | 1.13% | 6.78% | 19.53% | 5.20% | |
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | -1.57% | -0.81% | 3.30% | 12.07% | 3.43% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2025 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -21,387 ÷ 274,202 = -7.80%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of economic value creation reveals a period of significant volatility, characterized by a single year of positive value generation followed by a deteriorating trend in economic performance. The overall trajectory indicates a struggle to maintain returns above the cost of capital, culminating in a substantial decline in value creation by the end of the observed period.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio exhibits extreme fluctuations, moving from -2.24% in 2021 to a peak of 6.88% in 2022. This positive spike represents the only period where the return on invested capital exceeded the cost of capital. However, the ratio returned to negative territory in 2023 at -3.62% and remained negative through 2024 at -3.00%, before dropping sharply to -7.80% in 2025. This downward trajectory suggests an increasing gap between the capital costs and the actual returns generated.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit mirrors the spread ratio, showing a volatile pattern. A substantial gain of 14,608 million USD in 2022 was an isolated event. Following this peak, economic profit turned negative again, reaching -7,690 million USD in 2023 and -6,261 million USD in 2024. The situation deteriorated severely in 2025, with economic profit falling to -21,387 million USD, indicating a significant failure to generate value above the required threshold.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital remained relatively stable between 2022 and 2024, hovering around 210,000 million USD. A notable shift occurred in 2025, where invested capital surged to 274,202 million USD. This expansion in the capital base coincided with the most severe drop in both economic profit and the economic spread ratio, suggesting that the additional capital deployed did not yield proportional returns and instead contributed to a deeper erosion of economic value.
AI Ask an analyst for more
Economic Profit Margin
Chevron Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | (21,387) | (6,261) | (7,690) | 14,608) | (4,346) | |
| Sales and other operating revenues | 184,432) | 193,414) | 196,913) | 235,717) | 155,606) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | -11.60% | -3.24% | -3.91% | 6.20% | -2.79% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| ConocoPhillips | 0.33% | 2.19% | 9.82% | 18.79% | 8.67% | |
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | -1.81% | -0.90% | 3.03% | 8.99% | 3.38% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2025 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Sales and other operating revenues
= 100 × -21,387 ÷ 184,432 = -11.60%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of economic value creation reveals a period of significant volatility, characterized by a single year of positive economic profit followed by a substantial decline in value generation. The inability to maintain a positive economic profit margin suggests that the returns on invested capital frequently failed to exceed the company's cost of capital during the observed period.
- Revenue Trajectory
- Operating revenues experienced a sharp increase in 2022, peaking at 235,717 million US dollars. However, a consistent downward trend followed, with revenues decreasing annually through 2025 to 184,432 million US dollars. This contraction in the top line correlates with the erosion of the economic profit margin.
- Economic Profit Volatility
- Economic profit exhibited extreme fluctuations. After a negative start in 2021, a significant surge occurred in 2022, reaching 14,608 million US dollars. This positive trajectory was short-lived, as the figure reverted to negative values in 2023 and 2024, culminating in a severe deficit of 21,387 million US dollars by the end of 2025.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin reflects the efficiency of value creation relative to revenue. The margin peaked at 6.20% in 2022, coinciding with the revenue peak. Subsequent years show a deterioration in performance, with the margin falling to -3.91% in 2023 and -3.24% in 2024. The most critical decline occurred in 2025, where the margin plummeted to -11.60%, indicating a substantial gap between the generated returns and the required cost of capital.
Overall, the data indicates a systemic struggle to sustain economic value added. The sharp divergence between the 2022 peak and the 2025 trough suggests a significant increase in the cost of capital or a sharp decline in operational efficiency relative to the capital employed.
AI Ask an analyst for more