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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

ConocoPhillips, economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-19), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-20), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).

2018 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	ConocoPhillips’s economic profit increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

ConocoPhillips, NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net income (loss) attributable to ConocoPhillips
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts and notes receivable²
	Increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve³
	Increase (decrease) in restructuring accruals⁴
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁵
	Interest and debt expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁶
	Adjusted interest and debt expense
	Tax benefit of interest and debt expense⁷
	Adjusted interest and debt expense, after taxes⁸
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁹
	Investment income, after taxes¹⁰
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax¹¹
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-19), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-20), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).

2018 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts and notes receivable.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See Details »

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring accruals.

⁵ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to ConocoPhillips.

⁶ Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
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⁷ Tax benefit of interest and debt expense = Adjusted interest and debt expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁸ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to ConocoPhillips.

⁹ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

¹⁰ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

¹¹ Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	ConocoPhillips’s NOPAT increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

ConocoPhillips, cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Income tax provision (benefit)
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest and debt expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-19), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-20), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	ConocoPhillips’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

ConocoPhillips, invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Short-term debt
	Long-term debt
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Common stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts and notes receivable³
	LIFO reserve⁴
	Restructuring accruals⁵
	Equity equivalents⁶
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁷
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted common stockholders’ equity
	Marketable securities⁸
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-19), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-20), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-21), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of LIFO reserve. See Details »

⁵ Addition of restructuring accruals.

⁶ Addition of equity equivalents to common stockholders’ equity.

⁷ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁸ Subtraction of marketable securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	ConocoPhillips’s invested capital declined from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

ConocoPhillips, cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt, including capital leases³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-19).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See Details »