Analysis of Solvency Ratios
Quarterly Data
Solvency ratios also known as long-term debt ratios measure a company ability to meet long-term obligations.
Solvency Ratios (Summary)
International Business Machines Corp., solvency ratios (quarterly data)
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
The solvency profile exhibits a general trend toward deleveraging and improved financial stability over the observed period. While there were temporary increases in leverage during the first quarter of 2023, the long-term trajectory indicates a reduction in debt relative to equity and a decrease in overall financial leverage.
- Leverage and Equity Trends
- A consistent downward trend is observed in the debt to equity ratios, which decreased from 2.85 in March 2022 to 1.88 by December 2025. This trend is mirrored in the financial leverage ratio, which declined from a peak of 7.00 to a low of 4.65 over the same duration, suggesting a systemic reduction in the reliance on borrowed funds to finance growth and operations.
- Capital Structure and Asset Backing
- The debt to capital and debt to assets ratios remained relatively stable. Debt to capital hovered between 0.65 and 0.74, while debt to assets generally fluctuated between 0.39 and 0.46. The inclusion of operating lease liabilities marginally increased these ratios but did not alter the overall stability of the capital structure, indicating a consistent proportion of assets being financed through debt.
- Interest Servicing Capacity
- The interest coverage ratio showed significant volatility, characterized by a sharp contraction in late 2022 where it fell to 1.59 in September. This was followed by a robust recovery throughout 2023, with the ratio peaking at 6.44. For the remainder of the period, the ratio remained healthy, fluctuating between 4.39 and 6.41, which signals a strong and sustained capacity to service interest obligations from operating profits.
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Debt Ratios
Coverage Ratios
Debt to Equity
International Business Machines Corp., debt to equity calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 8,655) | 6,424) | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 57,706) | 54,836) | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | ||||||
| Total debt | 66,361) | 61,260) | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 32,974) | 32,648) | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to equity1 | 2.01 | 1.88 | 2.26 | 2.33 | 2.35 | 2.01 | 2.31 | 2.35 | 2.56 | 2.51 | 2.39 | 2.59 | 2.72 | 2.32 | 2.53 | 2.59 | 2.85 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Equity, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | 1.49 | 1.65 | 2.38 | 3.01 | 6.45 | 3.22 | 3.74 | 4.32 | 4.64 | 2.48 | 2.85 | 2.11 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 1.71 | 1.69 | 1.60 | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.13 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.87 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.66 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 3.78 | 4.53 | 5.75 | 6.45 | 7.81 | 9.98 | 15.65 | 22.97 | 37.53 | 84.33 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.90 | 1.14 | 2.99 | 5.05 | 7.24 | 17.51 | 10.89 | 31.19 | 7.08 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.06 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.39 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.55 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Debt to equity = Total debt ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 66,361 ÷ 32,974 = 2.01
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The solvency profile exhibits a long-term trend toward improved financial stability, characterized by a gradual reduction in the debt-to-equity ratio despite fluctuations in absolute debt levels. This improvement is primarily driven by a consistent and significant expansion of stockholders' equity, which has outpaced the growth of total debt over the analyzed period.
- Total Debt Dynamics
- Total debt levels demonstrate a pattern of volatility with a general upward trajectory. After an initial decline to 50,309 million US$ in June 2022, debt levels experienced periodic increases, reaching a peak of 66,361 million US$ by March 2026. Notable spikes occurred in March 2023 and June 2025, suggesting periodic financing activities or capital investments, interspersed with episodes of debt reduction, such as the decline observed toward the end of 2024.
- Stockholders' Equity Growth
- A steady and sustained increase in total stockholders' equity is observed throughout the period. Equity rose from 19,050 million US$ in March 2022 to 32,974 million US$ by March 2026. This consistent growth indicates a strengthening of the company's internal capital base, which serves as a critical buffer against the increasing absolute debt loads.
- Debt to Equity Ratio Analysis
- The debt-to-equity ratio shows a general downward trend, declining from a high of 2.85 in March 2022 to 2.01 by March 2026. While the ratio experienced temporary increases—most notably in March 2023 (2.72) and March 2024 (2.56)—the overall movement indicates a reduction in financial leverage. The lowest point of 1.88 was reached in December 2025, reflecting the period of most efficient balance between debt and equity before a slight uptick in the final quarter.
In summary, the analysis reveals a strategic shift in the capital structure. The company has managed to lower its leverage ratio by aggressively growing its equity base, effectively neutralizing the impact of increased total debt and enhancing its overall solvency position.
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Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability)
International Business Machines Corp., debt to equity (including operating lease liability) calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 8,655) | 6,424) | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 57,706) | 54,836) | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | ||||||
| Total debt | 66,361) | 61,260) | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | ||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities | 798) | 800) | 807) | 820) | 798) | 768) | 790) | 762) | 784) | 820) | 807) | 842) | 869) | 874) | 844) | 884) | 954) | ||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 2,643) | 2,547) | 2,646) | 2,735) | 2,753) | 2,655) | 2,757) | 2,546) | 2,583) | 2,568) | 2,476) | 1,986) | 2,094) | 2,190) | 2,103) | 2,182) | 2,358) | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 69,802) | 64,607) | 66,569) | 67,719) | 66,835) | 58,396) | 60,126) | 59,839) | 62,871) | 59,935) | 58,525) | 60,304) | 61,676) | 54,013) | 53,826) | 53,375) | 57,547) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 32,974) | 32,648) | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to equity (including operating lease liability)1 | 2.12 | 1.98 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 2.14 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 2.70 | 2.66 | 2.54 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.46 | 2.68 | 2.75 | 3.02 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.34 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.92 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.72 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.25 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.42 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 4.36 | 5.09 | 5.75 | 6.45 | 7.81 | 9.98 | 15.65 | 22.97 | 37.53 | 84.33 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 1.02 | 1.30 | 3.20 | 5.42 | 7.80 | 18.82 | 11.70 | 33.58 | 7.65 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.14 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.55 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 1.08 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.63 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Debt to equity (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 69,802 ÷ 32,974 = 2.12
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
An overall improvement in the solvency position is observed over the period from March 2022 to March 2026. Although absolute debt levels fluctuated and trended higher toward the end of the period, the simultaneous and more consistent growth in stockholders' equity resulted in a general reduction of the company's financial leverage.
- Total Debt Trends
- Total debt, including operating lease liabilities, exhibited significant volatility. After an initial decline from 57,547 million in March 2022 to 53,375 million in June 2022, the balance fluctuated between 53,000 million and 62,000 million for several quarters. A notable upward shift occurred starting in March 2025, with debt levels climbing to a period high of 69,802 million by March 2026.
- Equity Growth
- Total stockholders' equity demonstrated a sustained upward trajectory throughout the analyzed timeframe. From a baseline of 19,050 million in March 2022, equity grew to 32,974 million by March 2026. This expansion was particularly pronounced in the latter half of the period, providing a stronger capital cushion to offset the increase in total liabilities.
- Debt to Equity Ratio Interpretation
- The debt to equity ratio reflects a clear downward trend, indicating enhanced solvency. The ratio decreased from a peak of 3.02 in March 2022 to a low of 1.98 in December 2025, before settling at 2.12 in March 2026. The reduction in this ratio suggests that the growth in equity has outpaced the growth in debt, thereby reducing the company's reliance on borrowed funds relative to its own capital.
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Debt to Capital
International Business Machines Corp., debt to capital calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 8,655) | 6,424) | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 57,706) | 54,836) | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | ||||||
| Total debt | 66,361) | 61,260) | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 32,974) | 32,648) | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | ||||||
| Total capital | 99,335) | 93,908) | 91,021) | 91,673) | 90,164) | 82,280) | 81,027) | 80,557) | 82,765) | 79,080) | 78,323) | 79,677) | 80,317) | 72,893) | 70,955) | 69,718) | 73,285) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to capital1 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.74 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Capital, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.62 | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.11 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.47 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 1.02 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.06 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.35 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Debt to capital = Total debt ÷ Total capital
= 66,361 ÷ 99,335 = 0.67
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analyzed period reflects a strategic expansion of the balance sheet, characterized by an overall increase in both total debt and total capital, while maintaining a stable to slightly improving solvency profile. Although absolute debt levels rose over the observed timeframe, the proportional weight of debt relative to total capital exhibited a gradual downward trend, suggesting an increase in the equity or non-debt components of the capital structure.
- Debt Evolution
- Total debt exhibited volatility with a general upward trajectory, starting at 54,235 million USD in March 2022 and reaching 66,361 million USD by March 2026. Notable fluctuations occurred between 2022 and 2023, with a dip to 50,309 million USD in June 2022 followed by a peak of 58,713 million USD in March 2023. A subsequent period of relative stability was observed through 2024, before debt levels climbed more aggressively in 2025 and early 2026.
- Capital Structure Expansion
- Total capital demonstrated a consistent growth pattern, expanding from 73,285 million USD in March 2022 to 99,335 million USD by March 2026. This growth was more linear than the movements in total debt, providing a larger denominator that helped mitigate the impact of increased borrowing on the overall solvency ratio.
- Debt to Capital Ratio Analysis
- The debt to capital ratio remained largely range-bound between 0.65 and 0.74. A peak of 0.74 was recorded in March 2022, after which the ratio trended generally lower. A significant improvement was noted toward the end of 2025, where the ratio reached its lowest point of 0.65 in December 2025, before settling at 0.67 in March 2026. This indicates that while the entity increased its total leverage, the growth in total capital effectively reduced the relative reliance on debt over the long term.
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Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability)
International Business Machines Corp., debt to capital (including operating lease liability) calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 8,655) | 6,424) | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 57,706) | 54,836) | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | ||||||
| Total debt | 66,361) | 61,260) | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | ||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities | 798) | 800) | 807) | 820) | 798) | 768) | 790) | 762) | 784) | 820) | 807) | 842) | 869) | 874) | 844) | 884) | 954) | ||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 2,643) | 2,547) | 2,646) | 2,735) | 2,753) | 2,655) | 2,757) | 2,546) | 2,583) | 2,568) | 2,476) | 1,986) | 2,094) | 2,190) | 2,103) | 2,182) | 2,358) | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 69,802) | 64,607) | 66,569) | 67,719) | 66,835) | 58,396) | 60,126) | 59,839) | 62,871) | 59,935) | 58,525) | 60,304) | 61,676) | 54,013) | 53,826) | 53,375) | 57,547) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 32,974) | 32,648) | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | ||||||
| Total capital (including operating lease liability) | 102,776) | 97,255) | 94,474) | 95,228) | 93,715) | 85,703) | 84,574) | 83,865) | 86,132) | 82,468) | 81,606) | 82,505) | 83,280) | 75,957) | 73,902) | 72,784) | 76,597) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to capital (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.75 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.48 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.42 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.20 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.29 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 1.02 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.13 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.39 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Debt to capital (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total capital (including operating lease liability)
= 69,802 ÷ 102,776 = 0.68
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of solvency metrics from March 2022 through March 2026 reveals a gradual improvement in the capital structure relative to debt obligations. While both total debt and total capital increased in absolute terms over the period, the growth of the capital base outpaced the accumulation of debt, resulting in a overall decline in the debt-to-capital ratio.
- Debt to Capital Ratio Trends
- The debt-to-capital ratio exhibited a general downward trajectory, starting at 0.75 in March 2022 and reaching a period low of 0.66 in December 2025, before slightly adjusting to 0.68 in March 2026. The ratio remained relatively range-bound between 0.71 and 0.74 throughout 2022 and 2023, suggesting a period of stability before a more pronounced decline began in 2024.
- Total Debt Dynamics
- Total debt, inclusive of operating lease liabilities, showed significant volatility. After an initial decrease to 53,375 million in June 2022, debt levels rose sharply to 61,676 million by March 2023. A similar pattern of increase was observed between December 2024 (58,396 million) and March 2025 (66,835 million), with the total debt reaching its highest point of 69,802 million in March 2026.
- Total Capital Growth
- Total capital demonstrated a consistent expansionary trend over the analyzed timeframe. The capital base grew from 76,597 million in March 2022 to 102,776 million by March 2026. This steady increase in total capital provided a buffer that mitigated the impact of rising total debt, effectively lowering the organization's financial leverage over the long term.
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Debt to Assets
International Business Machines Corp., debt to assets calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 8,655) | 6,424) | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 57,706) | 54,836) | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | ||||||
| Total debt | 66,361) | 61,260) | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | ||||||
| Total assets | 156,229) | 151,880) | 146,312) | 148,585) | 145,667) | 137,175) | 134,339) | 133,848) | 137,169) | 135,241) | 129,321) | 132,213) | 133,637) | 127,243) | 125,850) | 127,503) | 133,275) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to assets1 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.41 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Assets, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.14 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.67 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.04 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Debt to assets = Total debt ÷ Total assets
= 66,361 ÷ 156,229 = 0.42
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
An analysis of the solvency trajectory from March 2022 through March 2026 reveals a coordinated expansion of both total debt and total assets. While the absolute value of debt increased over the observed period, the proportion of assets financed by debt remained relatively stable, indicating a consistent leverage strategy.
- Debt to Assets Ratio Stability
- The ratio exhibited minimal volatility, fluctuating within a tight range between 0.39 and 0.44. A low of 0.39 was recorded in June 2022, while the peak of 0.44 occurred in March 2023. Despite these fluctuations, the ratio consistently returned to a baseline of approximately 0.40 to 0.43, suggesting a managed approach to the company's capital structure.
- Correlation Between Debt and Asset Growth
- A positive correlation is observed between the growth of total debt and total assets. Total debt rose from 54,235 million USD in March 2022 to 66,361 million USD by March 2026. Simultaneously, total assets grew from 133,275 million USD to 156,229 million USD. This parallel growth ensured that the increase in liabilities did not lead to a significant deterioration of the solvency ratio.
- Observation of Periodic Fluctuations
- Specific periods of adjustment are evident, such as between December 2024 and March 2025, where total debt increased by approximately 8.3 billion USD, causing the ratio to rise from 0.40 to 0.43. Similarly, a reduction in the ratio to 0.40 in December 2025 highlights periodic phases of asset accumulation or debt reduction that balanced the overall solvency profile.
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Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability)
International Business Machines Corp., debt to assets (including operating lease liability) calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 8,655) | 6,424) | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 57,706) | 54,836) | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | ||||||
| Total debt | 66,361) | 61,260) | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | ||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities | 798) | 800) | 807) | 820) | 798) | 768) | 790) | 762) | 784) | 820) | 807) | 842) | 869) | 874) | 844) | 884) | 954) | ||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 2,643) | 2,547) | 2,646) | 2,735) | 2,753) | 2,655) | 2,757) | 2,546) | 2,583) | 2,568) | 2,476) | 1,986) | 2,094) | 2,190) | 2,103) | 2,182) | 2,358) | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 69,802) | 64,607) | 66,569) | 67,719) | 66,835) | 58,396) | 60,126) | 59,839) | 62,871) | 59,935) | 58,525) | 60,304) | 61,676) | 54,013) | 53,826) | 53,375) | 57,547) | ||||||
| Total assets | 156,229) | 151,880) | 146,312) | 148,585) | 145,667) | 137,175) | 134,339) | 133,848) | 137,169) | 135,241) | 129,321) | 132,213) | 133,637) | 127,243) | 125,850) | 127,503) | 133,275) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to assets (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.43 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.27 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.32 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.67 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.38 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.09 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.25 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Debt to assets (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total assets
= 69,802 ÷ 156,229 = 0.45
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The solvency profile demonstrates a period of stable leverage despite an overall increase in both total obligations and total assets. Between March 2022 and March 2026, the Debt to Assets ratio fluctuated within a narrow range of 0.42 to 0.46, suggesting a strategic alignment between debt procurement and asset acquisition.
- Total Debt Trends
- Total debt, inclusive of operating lease liabilities, exhibited a general upward trajectory over the observed period. Starting at 57,547 million US dollars in March 2022, debt levels reached a peak of 69,802 million US dollars by March 2026. Notable volatility occurred in early 2023, with a significant increase to 61,676 million US dollars in March 2023, followed by a period of relative stabilization around the 60,000 million US dollar mark through 2024 before ascending further in 2025 and early 2026.
- Total Asset Expansion
- Total assets followed a similar growth pattern, increasing from 133,275 million US dollars in March 2022 to 156,229 million US dollars by March 2026. A temporary contraction was observed during 2022, with assets bottoming at 125,850 million US dollars in September 2022. Subsequently, a consistent recovery and expansion phase occurred, particularly from December 2023 onwards, providing a broader base to support the increased debt load.
- Debt to Assets Ratio Analysis
- The Debt to Assets ratio remained remarkably consistent, oscillating between a low of 0.42 in June and December 2022 and a high of 0.46 in March 2023, June 2023, and March 2024. The ratio concluded the period at 0.45 in March 2026. This stability indicates that asset growth was scaled proportionally with debt accumulation, preventing significant erosion of solvency and maintaining a balanced capital structure.
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Financial Leverage
International Business Machines Corp., financial leverage calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 156,229) | 151,880) | 146,312) | 148,585) | 145,667) | 137,175) | 134,339) | 133,848) | 137,169) | 135,241) | 129,321) | 132,213) | 133,637) | 127,243) | 125,850) | 127,503) | 133,275) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 32,974) | 32,648) | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial leverage1 | 4.74 | 4.65 | 5.24 | 5.40 | 5.42 | 5.02 | 5.49 | 5.57 | 5.90 | 6.00 | 5.60 | 5.96 | 6.19 | 5.80 | 6.27 | 6.57 | 7.00 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Leverage, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.07 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 1.98 | 1.95 | 1.89 | 1.93 | 1.99 | 1.98 | 2.01 | 2.05 | 2.14 | 2.16 | 2.16 | 2.15 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 2.60 | 2.54 | 2.44 | 2.46 | 2.29 | 2.14 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 1.86 | 1.80 | 1.84 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 1.93 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.89 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | 3.26 | 3.40 | 4.30 | 5.11 | 9.92 | 5.39 | 5.80 | 6.47 | 6.92 | 4.27 | 4.57 | 3.61 | 3.12 | 3.07 | 3.08 | 3.11 | 3.06 | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 1.84 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 2.01 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.67 | 1.74 | 1.77 | 1.76 | 1.87 | 1.83 | 1.66 | 1.59 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 2.53 | 2.65 | 2.55 | 2.52 | 2.70 | 2.88 | 2.87 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 3.43 | 3.40 | 3.39 | 3.48 | 3.53 | 3.48 | 3.47 | 3.39 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 1.74 | 1.78 | 1.76 | 1.82 | 2.06 | 2.13 | 1.76 | 1.83 | 1.88 | 1.94 | 1.96 | 2.01 | 2.08 | 2.13 | 2.17 | 2.18 | 2.26 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.82 | 1.77 | 1.83 | 1.74 | 1.68 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.72 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.53 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 1.75 | 1.80 | 1.75 | 1.76 | 1.82 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.97 | 2.02 | 2.00 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.19 | 2.12 | 2.13 | 2.21 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 7.47 | 8.23 | 9.65 | 10.80 | 13.33 | 16.20 | 24.38 | 34.74 | 57.66 | 125.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 1.40 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 2.72 | 3.01 | 3.04 | 3.29 | 3.45 | 3.87 | 4.01 | 4.20 | 6.82 | 8.29 | 11.50 | 18.06 | 24.69 | 58.35 | 32.88 | 88.29 | 20.09 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 1.63 | 1.68 | 1.56 | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.67 | 1.57 | 1.59 | 1.63 | 1.69 | 1.55 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 1.64 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.52 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 2.08 | 2.01 | 1.93 | 2.02 | 2.07 | 2.12 | 1.98 | 2.10 | 2.16 | 2.28 | 2.10 | 2.15 | 2.43 | 2.64 | 2.46 | 2.65 | 2.75 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 1.55 | 1.70 | 1.75 | 2.40 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.68 | 1.67 | 1.68 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.65 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 1.93 | 1.99 | 1.90 | 1.95 | 1.95 | 2.04 | 2.10 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 2.41 | 2.29 | 2.58 | 2.68 | 2.31 | 2.24 | 2.36 | 2.53 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 156,229 ÷ 32,974 = 4.74
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
A consistent reduction in financial leverage is evident between March 2022 and March 2026. This trend indicates a strategic shift toward a more conservative capital structure, characterized by a decrease in the proportion of debt used to finance the organization's asset base.
- Financial Leverage Trajectory
- The financial leverage ratio exhibited a marked downward trend, declining from a peak of 7.00 in March 2022 to a period low of 4.65 in December 2025, before settling at 4.74 in March 2026. This progression reflects a systemic reduction in financial risk and an improvement in the long-term solvency profile.
- Asset Base Evolution
- Total assets experienced initial volatility, contracting from $133,275 million in March 2022 to a low of $125,850 million by September 2022. Following this period, a sustained growth phase occurred, with assets expanding to $156,229 million by March 2026, representing a significant expansion of the balance sheet over the analyzed timeframe.
- Stockholders' Equity Growth
- Total stockholders' equity demonstrated a strong and steady upward trajectory, increasing from $19,050 million in March 2022 to $32,974 million by March 2026. The rate of equity accumulation consistently outpaced the growth of total assets, which served as the primary catalyst for the compression of the financial leverage ratio.
- Solvency Correlation
- The inverse relationship between the rising equity levels and the falling leverage ratio suggests a deliberate strengthening of the equity cushion. By increasing the equity-to-asset ratio, the organization has reduced its dependence on external liabilities, thereby enhancing its financial stability and capacity to absorb potential losses.
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Interest Coverage
International Business Machines Corp., interest coverage calculation (quarterly data)
| Mar 31, 2026 | Dec 31, 2025 | Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | 1,216) | 5,600) | 1,744) | 2,194) | 1,055) | 2,914) | (330) | 1,834) | 1,605) | 3,288) | 1,704) | 1,583) | 927) | 2,710) | (3,196) | 1,392) | 733) | ||||||
| Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | —) | 20) | —) | 1) | 1) | (13) | (13) | 4) | 30) | 3) | (10) | 2) | (7) | (159) | 18) | (73) | 71) | ||||||
| Add: Income tax expense | 171) | (1,437) | 686) | 404) | 104) | 379) | (485) | 389) | (501) | 474) | 159) | 419) | 124) | 443) | (1,287) | 257) | (39) | ||||||
| Add: Interest expense | 473) | 478) | 492) | 510) | 455) | 424) | 429) | 427) | 432) | 405) | 412) | 423) | 367) | 313) | 295) | 297) | 311) | ||||||
| Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) | 1,860) | 4,621) | 2,922) | 3,107) | 1,613) | 3,730) | (373) | 2,646) | 1,506) | 4,164) | 2,285) | 2,423) | 1,425) | 3,625) | (4,206) | 2,019) | 934) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest coverage1 | 6.41 | 6.34 | 6.05 | 4.44 | 4.39 | 4.39 | 4.69 | 6.33 | 6.21 | 6.41 | 6.44 | 2.34 | 2.25 | 1.95 | 1.59 | 6.01 | 5.40 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Coverage, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 39.97 | 45.94 | 57.86 | 80.38 | 135.71 | 165.48 | 175.20 | 175.18 | 168.23 | 193.31 | 220.23 | 212.89 | 217.31 | 195.34 | 188.01 | 133.08 | 133.32 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 34.99 | 34.21 | 35.26 | 37.00 | 40.93 | 42.01 | 46.90 | 53.43 | 58.12 | 61.17 | 58.59 | 55.57 | 53.27 | 54.64 | 54.21 | 54.34 | 53.39 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | 23.36 | 20.09 | 13.86 | 10.72 | 8.08 | 5.95 | 5.19 | 3.95 | 3.37 | 2.38 | 1.52 | 1.12 | 0.76 | -0.19 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 14.39 | 14.06 | 13.53 | 13.50 | 15.95 | 19.37 | 24.99 | 33.48 | 36.67 | 36.43 | 32.16 | 34.13 | 38.63 | 46.58 | 57.84 | 58.34 | 52.92 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | -2.37 | 3.07 | 7.50 | 9.33 | 7.64 | 5.77 | 1.41 | -1.80 | -4.04 | -5.31 | -4.72 | -4.71 | -5.09 | -5.34 | -6.41 | -8.16 | -12.40 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | 14.75 | 12.49 | 12.47 | 15.42 | 22.90 | 29.85 | 37.27 | 33.23 | 24.08 | 10.56 | -1.85 | -5.72 | -4.15 | -1.30 | 0.81 | 1.72 | 1.24 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 22.15 | 20.57 | 18.45 | 16.48 | 15.76 | 15.67 | 15.74 | 14.07 | 13.20 | 13.05 | 14.66 | 16.17 | 19.99 | 32.38 | 55.36 | 62.71 | 93.29 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 4.94 | 4.96 | 4.96 | 4.81 | 4.60 | 4.34 | 4.08 | 3.88 | 3.74 | 3.60 | 3.96 | 4.41 | 3.33 | 3.78 | 3.98 | 4.23 | 6.06 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,786.90 | 499.52 | 149.97 | 69.33 | 34.43 | -5.32 | -49.82 | -87.97 | -176.15 | -201.09 | -194.27 | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 911.61 | 532.90 | 427.74 | 269.85 | 163.77 | 120.07 | 72.96 | 46.08 | 35.96 | 21.82 | 10.40 | 4.05 | -1.99 | -6.56 | -4.28 | -3.42 | -2.65 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 2.97 | 4.12 | 5.50 | 11.64 | 31.24 | 44.06 | 78.90 | 174.76 | 852.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2026-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Interest coverage
= (EBITQ1 2026
+ EBITQ4 2025
+ EBITQ3 2025
+ EBITQ2 2025)
÷ (Interest expenseQ1 2026
+ Interest expenseQ4 2025
+ Interest expenseQ3 2025
+ Interest expenseQ2 2025)
= (1,860 + 4,621 + 2,922 + 3,107)
÷ (473 + 478 + 492 + 510)
= 6.41
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The interest coverage analysis reveals a period of operational volatility characterized by cyclical performance and a gradual increase in the cost of debt servicing.
- EBIT Volatility and Seasonality
- Earnings before interest and tax exhibit significant fluctuations, with pronounced contractions observed in the third quarters of 2022 and 2024. The most significant dip occurred on September 30, 2022, with a value of -4,206 million US$. A recurring seasonal pattern is evident, with earnings typically peaking in the fourth quarter of each year, reaching a maximum of 4,621 million US$ by December 31, 2025.
- Interest Expense Trajectory
- A consistent upward trend in interest expenses is observed over the analyzed period. Expenses rose from 311 million US$ in March 2022 to 473 million US$ by March 2026. This steady increase indicates a growing obligation for debt servicing, potentially driven by increased leverage or rising interest rates.
- Interest Coverage Ratio Dynamics
- The interest coverage ratio reflects the interplay between volatile earnings and rising expenses. The ratio experienced a severe compression in late 2022, reaching a low of 1.59, which indicates a temporary tightening of the margin available to cover interest payments. Following this period, a recovery trend is observed, with the ratio frequently stabilizing between 6.0 and 6.4 from 2023 through early 2026. This suggests that despite higher interest costs, the operational capacity to service debt has strengthened and stabilized relative to the 2022 lows.
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