Analysis of Solvency Ratios
Quarterly Data
Solvency ratios also known as long-term debt ratios measure a company ability to meet long-term obligations.
Solvency Ratios (Summary)
International Business Machines Corp., solvency ratios (quarterly data)
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
The analysis of the quarterly financial ratios reveals several notable trends over the examined periods. The company's leverage metrics, including debt to equity, debt to capital, and debt to assets ratios, exhibit relatively stable behavior with minor fluctuations, indicating consistent capital structure management.
- Debt to Equity Ratios
- The debt to equity ratio shows a gradual declining pattern from 2.64 in the first quarter of 2021 to 2.26 by the third quarter of 2025, with some short-term variations. This decline suggests a moderate reduction in reliance on debt financing relative to equity. When considering operating lease liabilities, the ratio follows a similar, slightly higher trajectory but also trends downward over the long term.
- Debt to Capital Ratios
- Both standard and operating lease-inclusive debt to capital ratios remain fairly steady, averaging around 0.70 to 0.74 across the periods. This stability points to a balanced use of debt and equity in total capital employed, with only minor decreases in later periods indicating slightly lower leverage.
- Debt to Assets Ratios
- The ratios measuring debt against total assets are relatively consistent, hovering near 0.40 to 0.44, with a slight increase observed in some periods. Including operating lease liabilities increases these ratios marginally, but overall the trend is stable, reflecting consistent asset financing through debt.
- Financial Leverage
- The financial leverage ratio declines from 6.95 in early 2021 to approximately 5.24 by late 2025. This decreasing trend implies a reduction in the use of financial leverage, potentially signaling a strengthening equity base or reduction in debt levels relative to shareholders' equity.
- Interest Coverage Ratio
- The interest coverage ratio exhibits significant volatility. Early 2021 values were around 4.97 but dropped to lows near 1.59 in the third quarter of 2022, indicating a period of reduced earnings relative to interest expense which may reflect temporary earnings pressure or increased borrowing costs. Subsequently, the coverage improved substantially, reaching above 6.0 in the fourth quarter of 2023 and maintaining higher values through 2024 and 2025. This recovery suggests enhanced earnings capacity or reduced interest burden, contributing positively to financial stability.
Overall, the company maintains a consistent leverage position with moderate reduction in debt levels relative to equity and capital. The notable fluctuations in interest coverage warrant attention, as they highlight periods of constrained earnings relative to debt servicing obligations, though the subsequent recovery indicates improved financial resilience.
Debt Ratios
Coverage Ratios
Debt to Equity
International Business Machines Corp., debt to equity calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | 6,787) | 7,575) | 6,442) | 5,198) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | 44,917) | 46,926) | 48,735) | 51,206) | ||||||
| Total debt | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | 51,704) | 54,501) | 55,177) | 56,404) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | 18,901) | 22,228) | 21,942) | 21,389) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to equity1 | 2.26 | 2.33 | 2.35 | 2.01 | 2.31 | 2.35 | 2.56 | 2.51 | 2.39 | 2.59 | 2.72 | 2.32 | 2.53 | 2.59 | 2.85 | 2.74 | 2.45 | 2.51 | 2.64 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Equity, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 3.01 | 6.45 | 3.22 | 3.74 | 4.32 | 4.64 | 2.48 | 2.85 | 2.11 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 1.71 | 1.69 | 1.60 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.87 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.45 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 5.75 | 6.45 | 7.81 | 9.98 | 15.65 | 22.97 | 37.53 | 84.33 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.08 | 7.79 | 8.94 | 7.46 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.90 | 1.14 | 2.99 | 5.05 | 7.24 | 17.51 | 10.89 | 31.19 | 7.08 | 5.08 | 3.20 | 3.04 | 4.18 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.53 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.52 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.68 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Debt to equity = Total debt ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 63,116 ÷ 27,905 = 2.26
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the quarterly financial data reveals several key trends in the company's capital structure over the examined periods.
- Total Debt
- The total debt exhibited some fluctuations throughout the quarters. Initially, there was a gradual decrease from approximately 56.4 billion US dollars at the end of March 2021 to around 50.3 billion by June 2022. However, subsequent quarters saw an increase, reaching a peak near 63.3 billion US dollars by March 2025. This indicates a renewed increase in debt levels in the latter part of the period.
- Total Stockholders' Equity
- Stockholders' equity demonstrated a general upward trend, starting from approximately 21.4 billion US dollars in March 2021 and increasing steadily over time. There was an exceptional dip in December 2021 to about 18.9 billion, but equity rebounded in the following quarters. By March 2025, equity rose to approximately 27.9 billion US dollars, indicating strengthening shareholder value.
- Debt to Equity Ratio
- The debt to equity ratio showed notable variability, reflecting the interplay between debt and equity changes. Initially, the ratio decreased slightly from 2.64 in March 2021 to 2.32 by December 2022, signaling relatively lower leverage. Following this, an upward trend occurred with the ratio rising to around 2.72 in March 2023, then generally declining again to approximately 2.01 by December 2024. In the final quarters, the ratio once again increased, ending near 2.26 by March 2025. The fluctuation suggests the company managed leverage strategically, balancing debt and equity over time.
In summary, while the total debt increased significantly in the later part of the analyzed timeline, the company's equity showed consistent strength and growth. The debt to equity ratio fluctuated but remained above 2 throughout the period, indicating a capital structure leaning toward debt financing but with evidence of ongoing equity growth to support this leverage.
Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability)
International Business Machines Corp., debt to equity (including operating lease liability) calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | 6,787) | 7,575) | 6,442) | 5,198) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | 44,917) | 46,926) | 48,735) | 51,206) | ||||||
| Total debt | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | 51,704) | 54,501) | 55,177) | 56,404) | ||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities | 807) | 820) | 798) | 768) | 790) | 762) | 784) | 820) | 807) | 842) | 869) | 874) | 844) | 884) | 954) | 974) | 1,285) | 1,334) | 1,337) | ||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 2,646) | 2,735) | 2,753) | 2,655) | 2,757) | 2,546) | 2,583) | 2,568) | 2,476) | 1,986) | 2,094) | 2,190) | 2,103) | 2,182) | 2,358) | 2,462) | 3,192) | 3,278) | 3,379) | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 66,569) | 67,719) | 66,835) | 58,396) | 60,126) | 59,839) | 62,871) | 59,935) | 58,525) | 60,304) | 61,676) | 54,013) | 53,826) | 53,375) | 57,547) | 55,140) | 58,978) | 59,789) | 61,120) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | 18,901) | 22,228) | 21,942) | 21,389) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to equity (including operating lease liability)1 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 2.14 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 2.70 | 2.66 | 2.54 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.46 | 2.68 | 2.75 | 3.02 | 2.92 | 2.65 | 2.72 | 2.86 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.95 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.49 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.58 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.50 | 1.02 | 1.30 | 3.20 | 5.42 | 7.80 | 18.82 | 11.70 | 33.58 | 7.65 | 5.58 | 3.52 | 3.35 | 4.61 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.69 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.55 | 1.08 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.81 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Debt to equity (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 66,569 ÷ 27,905 = 2.39
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals several notable trends in the company's capital structure over the observed periods. The total debt, inclusive of operating lease liabilities, exhibits fluctuations with periods of both increase and decrease. There is a general pattern of rising debt levels at certain points, particularly noticeable in the early 2023 and early 2025 quarters, where debt peaks are observed. Conversely, moderate reductions in debt occur intermittently, reflecting active debt management.
Stockholders’ equity follows a generally upward trajectory throughout the periods, despite occasional short-term declines. This steady increase in equity suggests ongoing retention of earnings or capital infusions that bolster the company’s net worth. The growth in equity is particularly marked from late 2023 through 2025, demonstrating strengthening financial stability.
The debt-to-equity ratio, calculated including operating lease liabilities, mirrors these trends. It fluctuates but tends to remain above the 2.0 level across all quarters, indicating a leverage position where debt significantly exceeds equity. Notably, this ratio reached its highest levels in early 2022 and in early 2025. However, there is a discernible decreasing trend in the ratio from late 2023 to late 2024, driven primarily by increasing equity and somewhat stable or slightly reduced debt levels. This decline suggests improved balance sheet leverage during that period, potentially reducing financial risk.
In summary, the company maintains a leveraged financial structure, with debt consistently exceeding equity. The rising equity base over time is a positive sign, contributing to a gradual reduction in leverage during parts of the timeline. However, the periods of increased debt and respective peaks in the debt-to-equity ratio suggest episodic increases in financial obligations that may warrant monitoring.
- Total debt (including operating lease liability)
- Varies over time with peaks in early 2023 and 2025; intermittent reductions observed.
- Total IBM stockholders’ equity
- Shows general upward trend with stronger growth from late 2023 through 2025, indicating increased net worth.
- Debt to equity (including operating lease liability)
- Fluctuates above 2.0 consistently; highest around early 2022 and early 2025; declining trend observed from late 2023 to late 2024 due to equity growth.
Debt to Capital
International Business Machines Corp., debt to capital calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | 6,787) | 7,575) | 6,442) | 5,198) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | 44,917) | 46,926) | 48,735) | 51,206) | ||||||
| Total debt | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | 51,704) | 54,501) | 55,177) | 56,404) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | 18,901) | 22,228) | 21,942) | 21,389) | ||||||
| Total capital | 91,021) | 91,673) | 90,164) | 82,280) | 81,027) | 80,557) | 82,765) | 79,080) | 78,323) | 79,677) | 80,317) | 72,893) | 70,955) | 69,718) | 73,285) | 70,605) | 76,729) | 77,119) | 77,793) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to capital1 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Capital, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.62 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.47 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.31 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.34 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.81 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Debt to capital = Total debt ÷ Total capital
= 63,116 ÷ 91,021 = 0.69
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals trends in the company's debt and capital structure over a series of quarterly periods from March 2021 through September 2025. Key metrics examined include total debt in millions of US dollars, total capital in millions of US dollars, and the debt to capital ratio expressed as a ratio.
- Total Debt
- The total debt exhibited variability across the analyzed periods. Initially, there was a downward trend from $56,404 million in March 2021 to a low near $50,309 million in June 2022. Following this trough, total debt showed an increasing trend, reaching approximately $63,116 million by September 2025. Despite some short-term fluctuations, the latter part of the timeline indicates a gradual rebuilding of the debt level to a peak higher than the initial level recorded at the start of the period.
- Total Capital
- Total capital followed a generally ascending trend with intermittent periods of stabilization or slight decline. From $77,793 million in March 2021, total capital decreased modestly to $69,718 million by June 2022. After mid-2022, a consistent upward trajectory is evident, culminating in approximately $91,021 million by September 2025. This reflects a strengthening of the capital base in the latter periods, potentially indicative of retained earnings growth, equity issuance, or debt restructuring strategies.
- Debt to Capital Ratio
- The ratio of debt to capital demonstrated relative stability within a narrow band throughout the periods. Beginning at 0.73 in March 2021, it oscillated slightly between 0.67 and 0.74 without significant volatility. A mild downward trend emerged toward the later quarters, with the ratio declining to approximately 0.69 by September 2025. This suggests a modest improvement in the balance between debt and capital, signifying better financial leverage and potentially lower risk associated with indebtedness relative to total capital.
Overall, the data depicts a company managing its debt levels prudently with an emphasis on increasing its capital base over time. While the total debt increased after mid-2022, the growth in total capital outpaced this, leading to a gradual reduction in the debt to capital ratio. The stability and small fluctuations in this ratio underscore a consistent approach to capital structure management, balancing financing sources to support ongoing financial health.
Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability)
International Business Machines Corp., debt to capital (including operating lease liability) calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | 6,787) | 7,575) | 6,442) | 5,198) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | 44,917) | 46,926) | 48,735) | 51,206) | ||||||
| Total debt | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | 51,704) | 54,501) | 55,177) | 56,404) | ||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities | 807) | 820) | 798) | 768) | 790) | 762) | 784) | 820) | 807) | 842) | 869) | 874) | 844) | 884) | 954) | 974) | 1,285) | 1,334) | 1,337) | ||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 2,646) | 2,735) | 2,753) | 2,655) | 2,757) | 2,546) | 2,583) | 2,568) | 2,476) | 1,986) | 2,094) | 2,190) | 2,103) | 2,182) | 2,358) | 2,462) | 3,192) | 3,278) | 3,379) | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 66,569) | 67,719) | 66,835) | 58,396) | 60,126) | 59,839) | 62,871) | 59,935) | 58,525) | 60,304) | 61,676) | 54,013) | 53,826) | 53,375) | 57,547) | 55,140) | 58,978) | 59,789) | 61,120) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | 18,901) | 22,228) | 21,942) | 21,389) | ||||||
| Total capital (including operating lease liability) | 94,474) | 95,228) | 93,715) | 85,703) | 84,574) | 83,865) | 86,132) | 82,468) | 81,606) | 82,505) | 83,280) | 75,957) | 73,902) | 72,784) | 76,597) | 74,041) | 81,206) | 81,731) | 82,509) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to capital (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.74 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.49 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.33 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.41 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.45 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Debt to capital (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total capital (including operating lease liability)
= 66,569 ÷ 94,474 = 0.70
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals notable fluctuations in the company’s debt and capital structure over the observed periods. Total debt, inclusive of operating lease liabilities, exhibited a general pattern of decline from early 2021 through mid-2022, followed by periods of increase and decrease thereafter. Specifically, the debt level decreased from $61,120 million at the end of March 2021 to a low near $53,375 million by June 2022, then climbed back upward, reaching a peak of $66,835 million by the end of March 2025.
Total capital, encompassing operating lease liabilities, followed a broadly increasing trend, despite some oscillations. It dipped in late 2021 before climbing from around $74,041 million to $94,474 million toward the end of the time frame. This upward movement suggests an overall expansion in the company’s capital base over the four-year span.
The debt-to-capital ratio has shown moderate variability but remained largely stable around the 0.7 mark. Initially, the ratio hovered in the 0.73 to 0.75 range during 2021 and early 2022, implying a relatively high proportion of debt within the capital structure. This ratio declined somewhat starting late 2023, reaching a low of 0.68 near the end of 2024, before settling back around 0.7 by early 2025. The general stability of this ratio indicates consistent leverage management despite the fluctuations in absolute debt and capital amounts.
- Total Debt
- Decreased from $61.1 billion in Q1 2021 to approximately $53.4 billion in mid-2022, then increased again, peaking at $66.8 billion by Q1 2025.
- Total Capital
- Experienced initial declines in late 2021 but showed a strong upward trajectory thereafter, rising from about $74 billion in Q4 2021 to $94.5 billion by Q1 2025.
- Debt to Capital Ratio
- Remained fairly stable around 0.7, indicating a consistent balance between debt and overall capital, with slight dips in late 2024 reflecting a momentary reduction in leverage.
Overall, the company maintained a relatively steady leverage profile while supporting growth in its capital base. The increases in total capital outpacing rises in total debt towards the latter periods suggest cautious financial management aimed at controlling leverage risk.
Debt to Assets
International Business Machines Corp., debt to assets calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | 6,787) | 7,575) | 6,442) | 5,198) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | 44,917) | 46,926) | 48,735) | 51,206) | ||||||
| Total debt | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | 51,704) | 54,501) | 55,177) | 56,404) | ||||||
| Total assets | 146,312) | 148,585) | 145,667) | 137,175) | 134,339) | 133,848) | 137,169) | 135,241) | 129,321) | 132,213) | 133,637) | 127,243) | 125,850) | 127,503) | 133,275) | 132,001) | 144,214) | 146,814) | 148,629) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to assets1 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Assets, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.52 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.38 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.24 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.62 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.36 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.25 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Debt to assets = Total debt ÷ Total assets
= 63,116 ÷ 146,312 = 0.43
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Total Debt
- The total debt demonstrates notable fluctuations over the examined quarters, beginning at 56,404 million USD and experiencing a general decrease through 2021 and mid-2022, reaching a low around 50,309 million USD. However, from late 2022 onward, the debt level rises again, peaking above 63,000 million USD by 2025. This trend indicates periods of debt reduction followed by a resurgence in liabilities, suggesting shifts in financing strategy or capital requirements.
- Total Assets
- Total assets follow a somewhat cyclical pattern with an initial decline from approximately 148,629 million USD in early 2021 to a trough near 125,850 million USD in late 2022. After this period, assets gradually increase, surpassing previous highs and reaching around 148,585 million USD by mid-2025. This upward movement after the mid-period dip implies asset base growth, possibly due to investments, acquisitions, or appreciation in asset values.
- Debt to Assets Ratio
- The debt to assets ratio remains generally stable within a range of 0.38 to 0.44 throughout the intervals, reflecting a consistent leverage profile. The ratio slightly trends upward during mid-2022 to early 2023, indicating an increase in relative indebtedness corresponding to the rising debt and recovering asset base. From mid-2023 onwards, the ratio steadies near 0.42 to 0.43, demonstrating a maintained balance between debt and asset levels, despite fluctuations in absolute values.
- Overall Insights
- The data reveals a strategic pattern where the company managed to reduce its debt during 2021 and early 2022 while total assets concurrently decreased, possibly reflecting divestitures or operational impacts. Subsequent recovery of asset values combined with rising debt suggests renewed investments or capital expenditures funded through increased borrowing. The consistent debt to asset ratio indicates the company maintained a steady leverage approach throughout the reported periods, managing risk exposure in alignment with asset changes.
Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability)
International Business Machines Corp., debt to assets (including operating lease liability) calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term debt | 7,942) | 8,945) | 6,913) | 5,089) | 3,599) | 3,602) | 5,471) | 6,426) | 6,414) | 6,785) | 4,887) | 4,760) | 5,937) | 5,981) | 7,690) | 6,787) | 7,575) | 6,442) | 5,198) | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 55,174) | 55,219) | 56,371) | 49,884) | 52,980) | 52,929) | 54,033) | 50,121) | 48,828) | 50,691) | 53,826) | 46,189) | 44,942) | 44,328) | 46,545) | 44,917) | 46,926) | 48,735) | 51,206) | ||||||
| Total debt | 63,116) | 64,164) | 63,284) | 54,973) | 56,579) | 56,531) | 59,504) | 56,547) | 55,242) | 57,476) | 58,713) | 50,949) | 50,879) | 50,309) | 54,235) | 51,704) | 54,501) | 55,177) | 56,404) | ||||||
| Current operating lease liabilities | 807) | 820) | 798) | 768) | 790) | 762) | 784) | 820) | 807) | 842) | 869) | 874) | 844) | 884) | 954) | 974) | 1,285) | 1,334) | 1,337) | ||||||
| Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 2,646) | 2,735) | 2,753) | 2,655) | 2,757) | 2,546) | 2,583) | 2,568) | 2,476) | 1,986) | 2,094) | 2,190) | 2,103) | 2,182) | 2,358) | 2,462) | 3,192) | 3,278) | 3,379) | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 66,569) | 67,719) | 66,835) | 58,396) | 60,126) | 59,839) | 62,871) | 59,935) | 58,525) | 60,304) | 61,676) | 54,013) | 53,826) | 53,375) | 57,547) | 55,140) | 58,978) | 59,789) | 61,120) | ||||||
| Total assets | 146,312) | 148,585) | 145,667) | 137,175) | 134,339) | 133,848) | 137,169) | 135,241) | 129,321) | 132,213) | 133,637) | 127,243) | 125,850) | 127,503) | 133,275) | 132,001) | 144,214) | 146,814) | 148,629) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to assets (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.41 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.27 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.39 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Debt to assets (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total assets
= 66,569 ÷ 146,312 = 0.45
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the financial data over the periods presented indicates several notable trends related to the company's debt, assets, and leverage ratios.
- Total Debt (including operating lease liability)
-
Total debt exhibits moderate fluctuations over the quarters. Starting at approximately $61.1 billion, it demonstrates a gradual decline through the early periods until reaching a low around $53.4 billion in mid-2022. Subsequently, debt increases once more, peaking near $67.8 billion in mid-2025 before showing a slight decrease in the last period.
- Total Assets
-
Total assets reveal a declining trend from approximately $148.6 billion in early 2021 to a trough near $125.9 billion in late 2022. Following this, assets increase steadily, reaching a peak of around $148.6 billion in mid-2025 before marginally decreasing again by the final quarter. This pattern suggests an initial contraction followed by a period of asset growth and stabilization.
- Debt to Assets Ratio (including operating lease liability)
-
The debt-to-assets ratio remains relatively stable, oscillating between 0.41 and 0.46 throughout the observed dates. Beginning at 0.41, the ratio increases slightly during mid-2022, reflecting rising leverage as debt levels remain elevated while assets were declining. It reaches its highest level close to 0.46 in the mid-2020s, indicating a moderate increase in financial leverage. However, occasional decreases in the ratio suggest efforts to balance debt against asset base fluctuations.
In summary, the company experiences a period of debt reduction followed by a resurgence to higher debt levels, while total assets initially decrease before recovering to prior highs. The debt-to-assets ratio indicates that leverage has been managed within a narrow band, with moderate increases correlating to periods of rising debt or lower asset values. These patterns reflect dynamic financial management likely aimed at optimizing the capital structure in response to market conditions or strategic investments.
Financial Leverage
International Business Machines Corp., financial leverage calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 146,312) | 148,585) | 145,667) | 137,175) | 134,339) | 133,848) | 137,169) | 135,241) | 129,321) | 132,213) | 133,637) | 127,243) | 125,850) | 127,503) | 133,275) | 132,001) | 144,214) | 146,814) | 148,629) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity | 27,905) | 27,509) | 26,880) | 27,307) | 24,448) | 24,026) | 23,261) | 22,533) | 23,081) | 22,201) | 21,604) | 21,944) | 20,076) | 19,409) | 19,050) | 18,901) | 22,228) | 21,942) | 21,389) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial leverage1 | 5.24 | 5.40 | 5.42 | 5.02 | 5.49 | 5.57 | 5.90 | 6.00 | 5.60 | 5.96 | 6.19 | 5.80 | 6.27 | 6.57 | 7.00 | 6.98 | 6.49 | 6.69 | 6.95 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Leverage, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 2.07 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 1.98 | 1.95 | 1.89 | 1.93 | 1.99 | 1.98 | 2.01 | 2.05 | 2.14 | 2.16 | 2.16 | 2.15 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 2.18 | 2.14 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 2.44 | 2.46 | 2.29 | 2.14 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 1.86 | 1.80 | 1.84 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 1.93 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.84 | 1.81 | 1.85 | 1.84 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 5.11 | 9.92 | 5.39 | 5.80 | 6.47 | 6.92 | 4.27 | 4.57 | 3.61 | 3.12 | 3.07 | 3.08 | 3.11 | 3.06 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 1.85 | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 2.01 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.67 | 1.74 | 1.77 | 1.76 | 1.87 | 1.83 | 1.66 | 1.59 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.64 | 1.57 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 2.55 | 2.52 | 2.70 | 2.88 | 2.87 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 3.43 | 3.40 | 3.39 | 3.48 | 3.53 | 3.48 | 3.47 | 3.39 | 3.14 | 2.15 | 2.04 | 2.02 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 1.82 | 2.06 | 2.13 | 1.76 | 1.83 | 1.88 | 1.94 | 1.96 | 2.01 | 2.08 | 2.13 | 2.17 | 2.18 | 2.26 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.27 | 2.32 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 1.82 | 1.77 | 1.83 | 1.74 | 1.68 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.72 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.53 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 1.65 | 1.85 | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 1.75 | 1.76 | 1.82 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.97 | 2.02 | 2.00 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.19 | 2.12 | 2.13 | 2.21 | 2.35 | 2.30 | 2.34 | 2.44 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 9.65 | 10.80 | 13.33 | 16.20 | 24.38 | 34.74 | 57.66 | 125.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25.03 | 13.27 | 13.90 | 11.96 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 1.40 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 3.04 | 3.29 | 3.45 | 3.87 | 4.01 | 4.20 | 6.82 | 8.29 | 11.50 | 18.06 | 24.69 | 58.35 | 32.88 | 88.29 | 20.09 | 16.14 | 9.59 | 9.15 | 11.68 | ||||||
| Salesforce Inc. | 1.56 | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.67 | 1.57 | 1.59 | 1.63 | 1.69 | 1.55 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 1.64 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.52 | 1.60 | 1.47 | 1.50 | 1.55 | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | 1.93 | 2.02 | 2.07 | 2.12 | 1.98 | 2.10 | 2.16 | 2.28 | 2.10 | 2.15 | 2.43 | 2.64 | 2.46 | 2.65 | 2.75 | 2.92 | 2.68 | 2.81 | 2.90 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 1.75 | 2.40 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.68 | 1.67 | 1.68 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 1.64 | 1.64 | ||||||
| Workday Inc. | 1.90 | 1.95 | 1.95 | 2.04 | 2.10 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 2.41 | 2.29 | 2.58 | 2.68 | 2.31 | 2.24 | 2.36 | 2.53 | 2.66 | 2.55 | 2.64 | 2.78 | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 146,312 ÷ 27,905 = 5.24
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the quarterly financial data reveals several noteworthy trends across total assets, shareholders' equity, and financial leverage ratios.
- Total Assets
-
Total assets display a fluctuating pattern with an overall moderate increase over the observed period. Starting at approximately $148.6 billion, total assets experienced a gradual decline reaching a low of around $125.8 billion by the third quarter of 2022. Following this trough, assets exhibited a recovery trend, rising to a peak of about $148.6 billion again by mid-2025, before a slight decline in the last quarter.
This variability reflects dynamic asset management, with potential disposals or depreciation in the early periods, followed by acquisitions or growth investments contributing to increased asset base in later periods.
- Total IBM Stockholders’ Equity
-
Shareholders’ equity shows an initial decline from $21.4 billion to below $19 billion by the end of 2021, indicating potential losses or capital adjustments during that timeframe. However, from 2022 onward, equity steadily strengthens, climbing to approximately $27.9 billion by the early quarters of 2025.
This positive trajectory suggests improved profitability, retained earnings growth, or infusions of equity capital. The consistent upward trend in equity from 2022 suggests recovery or expansion phases in the company’s financial health.
- Financial Leverage
-
The financial leverage ratio starts high at nearly 7.0 and exhibits a generally downward trend over time, decreasing from roughly 7.0 to around 5.24 by the third quarter of 2025. This decline indicates a reduction in the ratio of total assets to equity, pointing to a strengthening equity position relative to debt.
The decreasing leverage may be interpreted as a move towards a more conservative capital structure, potentially reducing financial risk and indicating improved solvency. This aligns with the observed increase in stockholders’ equity over the same period.
In summary, the company shows a pattern of initial contraction in both assets and equity through 2021, followed by a phase of asset recuperation and equity strengthening starting in 2022. The downward trend in financial leverage supports the view of enhanced financial stability and reduced reliance on external financing towards the later periods.
Interest Coverage
International Business Machines Corp., interest coverage calculation (quarterly data)
| Sep 30, 2025 | Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | 1,744) | 2,194) | 1,055) | 2,914) | (330) | 1,834) | 1,605) | 3,288) | 1,704) | 1,583) | 927) | 2,710) | (3,196) | 1,392) | 733) | 2,333) | 1,130) | 1,325) | 955) | ||||||
| Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | —) | 1) | 1) | (13) | (13) | 4) | 30) | 3) | (10) | 2) | (7) | (159) | 18) | (73) | 71) | (129) | 93) | 515) | 552) | ||||||
| Add: Income tax expense | 686) | 404) | 104) | 379) | (485) | 389) | (501) | 474) | 159) | 419) | 124) | 443) | (1,287) | 257) | (39) | 407) | (224) | 101) | (159) | ||||||
| Add: Interest expense | 492) | 510) | 455) | 424) | 429) | 427) | 432) | 405) | 412) | 423) | 367) | 313) | 295) | 297) | 311) | 304) | 290) | 281) | 280) | ||||||
| Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) | 2,922) | 3,107) | 1,613) | 3,730) | (373) | 2,646) | 1,506) | 4,164) | 2,285) | 2,423) | 1,425) | 3,625) | (4,206) | 2,019) | 934) | 3,173) | 1,103) | 1,192) | 524) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest coverage1 | 6.05 | 4.44 | 4.39 | 4.39 | 4.69 | 6.33 | 6.21 | 6.41 | 6.44 | 2.34 | 2.25 | 1.95 | 1.59 | 6.01 | 5.40 | 5.19 | 3.79 | 4.56 | 4.97 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Coverage, Competitors2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | 57.86 | 80.38 | 135.71 | 165.48 | 175.20 | 175.18 | 168.23 | 193.31 | 220.23 | 212.89 | 217.31 | 195.34 | 188.01 | 133.08 | 133.32 | 131.46 | 126.89 | 196.99 | 191.96 | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | 35.26 | 37.00 | 40.93 | 42.01 | 46.90 | 53.43 | 58.12 | 61.17 | 58.59 | 55.57 | 53.27 | 54.64 | 54.21 | 54.34 | 53.39 | 51.49 | 49.52 | 45.92 | 42.50 | ||||||
| AppLovin Corp. | — | 10.72 | 8.08 | 5.95 | 5.19 | 3.95 | 3.37 | 2.38 | 1.52 | 1.12 | 0.76 | -0.19 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.02 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 13.53 | 13.50 | 15.95 | 19.37 | 24.99 | 33.48 | 36.67 | 36.43 | 32.16 | 34.13 | 38.63 | 46.58 | 57.84 | 58.34 | 52.92 | 46.26 | 44.21 | 40.38 | 35.68 | ||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 7.50 | 9.33 | 7.64 | 5.77 | 1.41 | -1.80 | -4.04 | -5.31 | -4.72 | -4.71 | -5.09 | -5.34 | -6.41 | -8.16 | -12.40 | -55.36 | -151.33 | -185.47 | -226.03 | ||||||
| Datadog Inc. | — | 15.42 | 22.90 | 29.85 | 37.27 | 33.23 | 24.08 | 10.56 | -1.85 | -5.72 | -4.15 | -1.30 | 0.81 | 1.72 | 1.24 | 0.12 | -0.48 | -0.44 | -0.18 | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | 18.45 | 16.48 | 15.76 | 15.67 | 15.74 | 14.07 | 13.20 | 13.05 | 14.66 | 16.17 | 19.99 | 32.38 | 55.36 | 62.71 | 93.29 | 89.14 | 92.00 | 89.58 | 120.30 | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | 4.96 | 4.81 | 4.60 | 4.34 | 4.08 | 3.88 | 3.74 | 3.60 | 3.96 | 4.41 | 3.33 | 3.78 | 3.98 | 4.23 | 6.06 | 6.21 | 6.27 | 6.48 | 6.76 | ||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | — | — | — | 3,786.90 | 499.52 | 149.97 | 69.33 | 34.43 | -5.32 | -49.82 | -87.97 | -176.15 | -201.09 | -194.27 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 427.74 | 269.85 | 163.77 | 120.07 | 72.96 | 46.08 | 35.96 | 21.82 | 10.40 | 4.05 | -1.99 | -6.56 | -4.28 | -3.42 | -2.65 | -1.85 | -1.68 | -1.49 | -1.36 | ||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | 5.98 | 15.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 Q3 2025 Calculation
Interest coverage
= (EBITQ3 2025
+ EBITQ2 2025
+ EBITQ1 2025
+ EBITQ4 2024)
÷ (Interest expenseQ3 2025
+ Interest expenseQ2 2025
+ Interest expenseQ1 2025
+ Interest expenseQ4 2024)
= (2,922 + 3,107 + 1,613 + 3,730)
÷ (492 + 510 + 455 + 424)
= 6.05
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) trends
- The EBIT figures show considerable volatility throughout the observed periods. Initially, EBIT varies between moderate positive and high positive values, peaking at 3173 million in late 2021. However, a notable sharp decline occurs in September 2022, reaching a significant negative value of -4206 million. Following this, EBIT recovers strongly to positive territory, with values generally increasing towards the end of the timeline, including several quarters with values above 3000 million. This pattern indicates episodic fluctuations, with some quarters experiencing substantial losses amid a broader recovery trend.
- Interest expense trends
- Interest expense appears more stable and displays a gradual upward trend throughout the periods. Starting around 280 million, the expense progressively increases, reaching approximately 510 million in mid-2025. Despite some minor fluctuations, the interest expense remains relatively consistent compared to the large variations in EBIT, suggesting manageable growth in financing costs over time.
- Interest coverage ratio trends
- The interest coverage ratio demonstrates considerable variance, reflecting the EBIT volatility. Early periods show relatively strong coverage ratios, generally above 4.0, peaking above 6.0 around mid-2022 and late 2023. The ratio dips notably during mid to late 2022, reaching a low of approximately 1.59, corresponding with the EBIT trough. The coverage improves thereafter, often fluctuating in the 4.0 to 6.0 range, indicating a recovery in the ability to service interest obligations despite EBIT instability.
- Overall financial insights
- The data highlights episodic financial stress marked by large negative EBIT in one quarter, impacting the interest coverage ratio substantially. Nevertheless, the company demonstrates resilience with subsequent EBIT recoveries and stable interest expense management. The improving interest coverage ratio after downturns suggests effective control over earnings relative to interest costs. Monitoring the large EBIT fluctuations is critical for understanding operational risks and the sustainability of financial performance.