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International Business Machines Corp. (IBM)
Analysis of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Advanced level
- Accounting Policy on Goodwill and Intangible Assets
- Goodwill and Intangible Asset Disclosure
- Adjustments to Financial Statements: Removal of Goodwill
- Adjusted Financial Ratios: Removal of Goodwill (Summary)
- Adjusted Total Asset Turnover
- Adjusted Financial Leverage
- Adjusted Return on Equity (ROE)
- Adjusted Return on Assets (ROA)
Accounting Policy on Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Business Combinations and Intangible Assets Including Goodwill
IBM accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method and accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. The primary drivers that generate goodwill are the value of synergies between the acquired entities and IBM and the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualifies as a separately identifiable intangible asset. Goodwill recorded in an acquisition is assigned to applicable reporting units based on expected revenues. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Amortization of completed technology is recorded in cost, and amortization of all other intangible assets is recorded in SG&A expense. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other costs, are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements from the acquisition date.
Source: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26).
Goodwill and Intangible Asset Disclosure
International Business Machines Corp., balance sheet: goodwill and intangible assets
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Intangible assets, net carrying amount | Sum of the carrying amounts of all intangible assets, excluding goodwill, as of the balance sheet date, net of accumulated amortization and impairment charges. | International Business Machines Corp.’s intangible assets, net carrying amount decreased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018. |
| Goodwill | Amount after accumulated impairment loss of an asset representing future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. | International Business Machines Corp.’s goodwill increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly decreased from 2017 to 2018 not reaching 2016 level. |
| Intangible assets including goodwill | Sum of the carrying amounts of all intangible assets, including goodwill, as of the balance sheet date, net of accumulated amortization and impairment charges. | International Business Machines Corp.’s intangible assets including goodwill decreased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018. |
Adjustments to Financial Statements: Removal of Goodwill
International Business Machines Corp., adjustments to financial statements
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
International Business Machines Corp., Financial Data: Reported vs. Adjusted
Adjusted Financial Ratios: Removal of Goodwill (Summary)
International Business Machines Corp., adjusted financial ratios
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted total asset turnover | An activity ratio calculated as total revenue divided by adjusted total assets. | International Business Machines Corp.’s adjusted total asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly improved from 2017 to 2018. |
| Adjusted financial leverage | A measure of financial leverage calculated as adjusted total assets divided by adjusted total equity. Financial leverage is the extent to which a company can effect, through the use of debt, a proportional change in the return on common equity that is greater than a given proportional change in operating income. |
|
| Adjusted ROE | A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by adjusted shareholders’ equity. | |
| Adjusted ROA | A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by adjusted total assets. | International Business Machines Corp.’s adjusted ROA deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly improved from 2017 to 2018. |
International Business Machines Corp., Financial Ratios: Reported vs. Adjusted
Adjusted Total Asset Turnover
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
2018 Calculations
1 Total asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Total assets
= ÷ =
2 Adjusted total asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Adjusted total assets
= ÷ =
| Activity ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted total asset turnover | An activity ratio calculated as total revenue divided by adjusted total assets. | International Business Machines Corp.’s adjusted total asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly improved from 2017 to 2018. |
Adjusted Financial Leverage
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
2018 Calculations
1 Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= ÷ =
2 Adjusted financial leverage = Adjusted total assets ÷ Adjusted total IBM stockholders’ equity
= ÷ =
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted financial leverage | A measure of financial leverage calculated as adjusted total assets divided by adjusted total equity. Financial leverage is the extent to which a company can effect, through the use of debt, a proportional change in the return on common equity that is greater than a given proportional change in operating income. |
Adjusted Return on Equity (ROE)
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
2018 Calculations
1 ROE = 100 × Net income attributable to IBM ÷ Total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 100 × ÷ =
2 Adjusted ROE = 100 × Net income attributable to IBM ÷ Adjusted total IBM stockholders’ equity
= 100 × ÷ =
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted ROE | A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by adjusted shareholders’ equity. |
Adjusted Return on Assets (ROA)
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-24).
2018 Calculations
1 ROA = 100 × Net income attributable to IBM ÷ Total assets
= 100 × ÷ =
2 Adjusted ROA = 100 × Net income attributable to IBM ÷ Adjusted total assets
= 100 × ÷ =
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted ROA | A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by adjusted total assets. | International Business Machines Corp.’s adjusted ROA deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly improved from 2017 to 2018. |