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Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company’s debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
International Business Machines Corp., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | ||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | ||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | ||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | ||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | ||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | ||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | ||||||
| Visa Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-25), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | International Business Machines Corp.’s ROIC deteriorated from 2018 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2020. |
Decomposition of ROIC
International Business Machines Corp., decomposition of ROIC
| ROIC | = | OPM1 | × | TO2 | × | 1 – CTR3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dec 31, 2020 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2019 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2018 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2017 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2016 | = | × | × |
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-25), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the decrease in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2020 year is the decrease in profitability measured by operating profit margin (OPM) ratio.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
International Business Machines Corp., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | ||||||
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | ||||||
| Revenue | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred income | ||||||
| Adjusted revenue | ||||||
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | ||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | ||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | ||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | ||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | ||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | ||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | ||||||
| Visa Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-25), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | International Business Machines Corp.’s OPM improved from 2018 to 2019 but then deteriorated significantly from 2019 to 2020. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
International Business Machines Corp., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Revenue | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred income | ||||||
| Adjusted revenue | ||||||
| Invested capital1 | ||||||
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | ||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | ||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | ||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | ||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | ||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | ||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | ||||||
| Visa Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-25), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2020 Calculation
TO = Adjusted revenue ÷ Invested capital
= ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | International Business Machines Corp.’s TO deteriorated from 2018 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2020. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
International Business Machines Corp., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | ||||||
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | ||||||
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | ||||||
| Adobe Inc. | ||||||
| Autodesk Inc. | ||||||
| Automatic Data Processing Inc. | ||||||
| Fidelity National Information Services Inc. | ||||||
| Fiserv Inc. | ||||||
| Intuit Inc. | ||||||
| Mastercard Inc. | ||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | ||||||
| Oracle Corp. | ||||||
| PayPal Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| salesforce.com inc. | ||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | ||||||
| Visa Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-25), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-27), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-28).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | International Business Machines Corp.’s CTR increased from 2018 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2020. |