Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Quarterly Data
Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).
Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
Salesforce Inc., historical price multiples (quarterly data)
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-04-30).
- Price to Earnings (P/E) Ratio
- The Price to Earnings ratio shows notable volatility across the observed periods. Initial data is missing, but from July 2019 onwards, the ratio peaks at an extremely high level of 3682.1 before gradually decreasing over time. The ratio remains elevated with periodic spikes, reaching values such as 879.57 in October 2023, indicating periods of high market valuation relative to earnings. More recently, it declines to levels around 41.12 by April 2025, suggesting a normalization or reduction in market expectations of profitability. Overall, the P/E ratio exhibits sharp fluctuations with an overall downward trend in the final periods.
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) Ratio
- This ratio similarly exhibits significant fluctuations with some extreme peaks noted. Starting with some missing values, it spikes dramatically to 3682.1 in October 2020, indicating market price greatly exceeding operating profit at that point. Following this peak, the ratio generally declines, showing a more moderate range between about 33.49 and 818.64 in subsequent quarters. In later periods, the ratio stabilizes further, ending around 34.31 in April 2025. The trend indicates fluctuating market valuation relative to operating profit, with unusually high levels during some quarters, before trending toward more moderated ratios.
- Price to Sales (P/S) Ratio
- The Price to Sales ratio demonstrates a downward trend over the recorded intervals. Beginning with values close to 8.88 in April 2020, it generally declines to a low near 4.85 in January 2023, implying the price valuation relative to sales has reduced over time. Thereafter, the ratio experiences some recovery and volatility, reaching 9.47 by October 2024 but dipping again to 6.61 in April 2025. This pattern suggests variable but overall reduced market valuation compared to sales, with some cyclical recovery and subsequent moderation toward the end of the timeline.
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) Ratio
- The Price to Book Value ratio reveals a declining trend from higher initial values around 7.48 in April 2019, decreasing to near 2.48 by October 2022. Following this low, there is a modest recovery, with values fluctuating around 3.5 to 6.0 in later periods, concluding at 4.21 in April 2025. This indicates a reduced market valuation relative to book value initially, with some recovery and stabilization in recent periods. The variation suggests shifting perceptions of the company’s net asset value over time, with a general trend toward lower multiples followed by moderate upward adjustments.
Price to Earnings (P/E)
Salesforce Inc., historical P/E calculation (quarterly data)
| Apr 30, 2025 | Jan 31, 2025 | Oct 31, 2024 | Jul 31, 2024 | Apr 30, 2024 | Jan 31, 2024 | Oct 31, 2023 | Jul 31, 2023 | Apr 30, 2023 | Jan 31, 2023 | Oct 31, 2022 | Jul 31, 2022 | Apr 30, 2022 | Jan 31, 2022 | Oct 31, 2021 | Jul 31, 2021 | Apr 30, 2021 | Jan 31, 2021 | Oct 31, 2020 | Jul 31, 2020 | Apr 30, 2020 | Jan 31, 2020 | Oct 31, 2019 | Jul 31, 2019 | Apr 30, 2019 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 956,000,000 | 961,000,000 | 957,000,000 | 956,000,000 | 969,000,000 | 970,000,000 | 968,000,000 | 973,000,000 | 974,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 995,000,000 | 990,000,000 | 985,000,000 | 979,000,000 | 926,000,000 | 921,000,000 | 915,000,000 | 910,000,000 | 901,000,000 | 895,000,000 | 887,000,000 | 877,000,000 | 776,000,000 | ||||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) (in millions) | 1,541) | 1,708) | 1,527) | 1,429) | 1,533) | 1,446) | 1,224) | 1,267) | 199) | (98) | 210) | 68) | 28) | (28) | 468) | 535) | 469) | 267) | 1,081) | 2,625) | 99) | (248) | (109) | 91) | 392) | ||||||||
| Earnings per share (EPS)2 | 6.49 | 6.45 | 6.20 | 5.89 | 5.64 | 4.26 | 2.68 | 1.62 | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.54 | 1.01 | 1.46 | 1.77 | 2.40 | 4.80 | 4.42 | 3.89 | 2.60 | -0.19 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 266.92 | 291.97 | 367.87 | 257.01 | 218.01 | 303.77 | 251.90 | 221.46 | 212.90 | 182.95 | 147.00 | 173.91 | 176.07 | 197.90 | 261.20 | 266.53 | 234.62 | 213.12 | 225.86 | 271.10 | 176.36 | 169.60 | 156.43 | 151.57 | 158.44 | ||||||||
| Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/E ratio4 | 41.12 | 45.28 | 59.32 | 43.63 | 38.62 | 71.24 | 94.07 | 136.55 | 547.14 | 879.57 | 528.78 | 324.46 | 174.67 | 135.68 | 147.95 | 110.94 | 48.91 | 48.20 | 58.10 | 104.23 | — | 1,204.70 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/E Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | — | — | 22.37 | 24.53 | 30.76 | 31.07 | 27.59 | 30.87 | 31.14 | 27.81 | 27.07 | 24.73 | 23.64 | 22.93 | 27.30 | 31.69 | 40.88 | 36.58 | 32.02 | 31.11 | 31.97 | 28.32 | 27.95 | 20.33 | 27.24 | ||||||||
| Adobe Inc. | — | — | — | — | 25.11 | 31.98 | 42.53 | 46.15 | 47.07 | 49.64 | 44.69 | 45.30 | 36.72 | 33.15 | 27.18 | 35.27 | 45.03 | 48.90 | 47.07 | 49.98 | 40.82 | 41.69 | 58.43 | 55.97 | 45.60 | ||||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | — | — | — | — | 75.17 | 67.09 | 76.54 | 69.10 | 72.17 | 78.64 | 68.16 | 73.71 | 67.89 | 59.70 | 55.98 | 59.24 | 56.00 | 53.88 | 66.92 | 59.14 | 61.38 | 62.89 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | — | — | 675.68 | 391.27 | 632.51 | 892.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | — | — | — | — | 38.94 | 39.68 | 29.62 | 20.87 | 18.66 | 22.50 | 19.07 | 63.16 | 62.36 | 71.56 | 95.23 | 20.78 | 22.19 | 19.40 | 23.26 | 23.99 | 23.63 | 19.30 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Intuit Inc. | — | — | 53.58 | 51.15 | 65.11 | 58.94 | 60.26 | 66.50 | 61.19 | 64.61 | 56.26 | 59.38 | 56.80 | 57.31 | 40.47 | 63.28 | 85.13 | 75.17 | 56.40 | 62.56 | 48.28 | 49.52 | 56.56 | 45.75 | 44.67 | ||||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | — | — | 30.40 | 35.45 | 35.53 | 35.67 | 34.41 | 36.78 | 31.86 | 33.96 | 29.67 | 26.71 | 26.77 | 28.34 | 27.89 | 30.38 | 34.30 | 35.14 | 35.22 | 34.15 | 33.95 | 35.04 | 29.08 | 28.84 | 25.48 | ||||||||
| Oracle Corp. | — | 47.60 | 33.25 | 42.77 | 39.36 | 37.63 | 32.94 | 27.34 | 32.03 | 38.96 | 27.11 | 24.69 | 35.29 | 26.85 | 27.46 | 26.70 | 17.45 | 15.84 | 15.15 | 17.19 | 17.88 | 16.69 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | — | — | — | 450.16 | 632.38 | 244.40 | 147.19 | 159.62 | 246.77 | 279.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | — | — | 97.64 | 105.57 | 47.73 | 42.42 | 41.23 | 37.18 | 127.17 | 170.35 | 290.26 | 1,656.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | — | — | — | — | 109.38 | 146.40 | 147.50 | 148.98 | 77.25 | 90.80 | 71.21 | 80.21 | 231.71 | 284.28 | 417.74 | 479.20 | 452.04 | 487.70 | 620.23 | 681.34 | 654.66 | 978.47 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | — | — | — | 33.17 | 34.48 | 33.69 | 55.30 | 63.08 | 62.39 | 70.08 | 62.65 | 67.52 | 57.28 | 51.76 | 53.76 | 46.52 | 48.45 | 73.37 | 64.13 | 45.71 | 56.52 | 55.92 | 51.53 | 54.36 | 46.45 | ||||||||
| Workday Inc. | 130.49 | 122.85 | 43.12 | 44.76 | 37.68 | 50.53 | 934.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,957.29 | 2,418.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-04-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q1 2026 Calculation
EPS
= (Net income (loss)Q1 2026
+ Net income (loss)Q4 2025
+ Net income (loss)Q3 2025
+ Net income (loss)Q2 2025)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (1,541,000,000 + 1,708,000,000 + 1,527,000,000 + 1,429,000,000)
÷ 956,000,000 = 6.49
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Salesforce Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q1 2026 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= 266.92 ÷ 6.49 = 41.12
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data indicates several notable trends in share price, earnings per share (EPS), and the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio over the examined periods.
- Share Price
- The share price demonstrated overall volatility with an initial period ranging from approximately $150 to $270 between early 2019 and mid-2020. It peaked sharply around July 2020 at about $271, followed by a decline heading into early 2022, with values dropping near $147 by late 2022. Subsequently, the price rebounded strongly, reaching a new high of approximately $368 by late 2024 before experiencing a moderate decrease to around $267 at the start of 2025. This pattern suggests phases of rapid growth, correction, and renewed growth within the timeline.
- Earnings Per Share (EPS)
- EPS data starts to appear from early 2020 with some initial fluctuations including a negative value in mid-2020 (-$0.19). Thereafter, EPS showed a generally increasing trend with notable growth from late 2020 through late 2021, peaking at approximately $4.8 per share. However, EPS declined in 2022, reaching lows near $0.21 by early 2023. From that point onward, EPS exhibited a consistent upward trajectory, improving markedly to crest around $6.49 by early 2025. This pattern reflects recovery and strengthening profitability over the longer term despite some interim setbacks.
- Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
- The P/E ratio displays considerable variability and some extreme values early in the series, such as an exceptionally high ratio of 1204.7 in early 2020, indicating possibly distorted valuation due to near-zero or negative earnings. Subsequently, the ratio fluctuated between approximately 40 and 150 through 2021 and 2022, with periods of spikes exceeding 300 in 2022. Notably, the P/E ratio remained elevated during intervals of low or declining EPS, reflecting market valuation sensitivity to earnings performance. From late 2023 onward, the P/E ratio demonstrated a downward trend, stabilizing between 40 and 60, suggesting a normalization in valuation relative to earnings amid increasing profitability.
Overall, the data exhibits a dynamic interaction between share price appreciation and earnings performance, with valuation multiples adjusting correspondingly. The company experienced phases of pronounced earnings growth, periods of earnings decline, and subsequent recovery, mirrored by associated share price volatility and fluctuations in the P/E ratio. The recent quarters show both improving earnings and a somewhat moderated valuation, indicating shifting investor sentiment and company financial health over time.
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
Salesforce Inc., historical P/OP calculation (quarterly data)
| Apr 30, 2025 | Jan 31, 2025 | Oct 31, 2024 | Jul 31, 2024 | Apr 30, 2024 | Jan 31, 2024 | Oct 31, 2023 | Jul 31, 2023 | Apr 30, 2023 | Jan 31, 2023 | Oct 31, 2022 | Jul 31, 2022 | Apr 30, 2022 | Jan 31, 2022 | Oct 31, 2021 | Jul 31, 2021 | Apr 30, 2021 | Jan 31, 2021 | Oct 31, 2020 | Jul 31, 2020 | Apr 30, 2020 | Jan 31, 2020 | Oct 31, 2019 | Jul 31, 2019 | Apr 30, 2019 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 956,000,000 | 961,000,000 | 957,000,000 | 956,000,000 | 969,000,000 | 970,000,000 | 968,000,000 | 973,000,000 | 974,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 995,000,000 | 990,000,000 | 985,000,000 | 979,000,000 | 926,000,000 | 921,000,000 | 915,000,000 | 910,000,000 | 901,000,000 | 895,000,000 | 887,000,000 | 877,000,000 | 776,000,000 | ||||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations (in millions) | 1,942) | 1,820) | 1,893) | 1,783) | 1,709) | 1,622) | 1,501) | 1,476) | 412) | 357) | 460) | 193) | 20) | (176) | 38) | 332) | 354) | 193) | 224) | 178) | (140) | (36) | 65) | 58) | 210) | ||||||||
| Operating profit per share2 | 7.78 | 7.50 | 7.32 | 6.92 | 6.51 | 5.17 | 3.87 | 2.78 | 1.46 | 1.03 | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.93 | 1.13 | 1.02 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.07 | -0.06 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 266.92 | 291.97 | 367.87 | 257.01 | 218.01 | 303.77 | 251.90 | 221.46 | 212.90 | 182.95 | 147.00 | 173.91 | 176.07 | 197.90 | 261.20 | 266.53 | 234.62 | 213.12 | 225.86 | 271.10 | 176.36 | 169.60 | 156.43 | 151.57 | 158.44 | ||||||||
| Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/OP ratio4 | 34.31 | 38.94 | 50.24 | 37.14 | 33.49 | 58.80 | 65.09 | 79.66 | 145.83 | 177.62 | 295.77 | 2,318.80 | 818.64 | 357.52 | 280.57 | 236.57 | 228.93 | 431.39 | 914.43 | 3,682.10 | — | 511.08 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/OP Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | — | — | 16.89 | 18.52 | 23.34 | 23.52 | 20.96 | 24.43 | 24.40 | 21.69 | 21.16 | 18.24 | 17.50 | 16.83 | 19.98 | 23.62 | 31.03 | 28.35 | 25.67 | 24.96 | 25.29 | 22.21 | 21.16 | 15.44 | 20.55 | ||||||||
| Adobe Inc. | — | — | — | — | 21.20 | 26.38 | 34.93 | 37.61 | 37.84 | 40.52 | 35.69 | 35.47 | 28.49 | 25.85 | 21.47 | 28.50 | 36.67 | 40.64 | 49.83 | 54.24 | 47.80 | 51.75 | 56.53 | 54.83 | 41.99 | ||||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | — | — | — | — | 55.59 | 52.42 | 64.64 | 62.16 | 64.10 | 65.43 | 57.98 | 59.96 | 53.91 | 47.21 | 41.53 | 46.31 | 46.60 | 48.13 | 60.37 | 53.96 | 56.52 | 57.54 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | — | — | — | 1,246.42 | 3,413.25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | — | — | — | — | 22.11 | 25.48 | 20.07 | 18.25 | 16.26 | 17.99 | 14.81 | 15.22 | 13.98 | 14.35 | 15.37 | 15.24 | 17.07 | 16.23 | 19.92 | 19.33 | 17.63 | 15.90 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Intuit Inc. | — | — | 41.91 | 40.68 | 52.88 | 48.11 | 48.74 | 53.07 | 46.91 | 49.04 | 41.32 | 43.34 | 43.50 | 46.05 | 33.22 | 53.54 | 71.64 | 62.00 | 46.48 | 52.54 | 39.99 | 41.56 | 49.11 | 39.04 | 37.66 | ||||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | — | — | 24.05 | 27.94 | 28.44 | 28.73 | 28.04 | 30.20 | 26.16 | 27.76 | 24.15 | 21.76 | 22.07 | 24.72 | 24.66 | 27.51 | 31.35 | 30.79 | 30.72 | 29.13 | 28.71 | 29.30 | 25.90 | 25.91 | 22.91 | ||||||||
| Oracle Corp. | — | 33.50 | 23.43 | 29.86 | 26.92 | 25.65 | 23.67 | 19.36 | 21.82 | 25.30 | 16.87 | 15.50 | 20.25 | 16.51 | 18.93 | 24.87 | 15.78 | 14.31 | 12.98 | 12.20 | 12.88 | 12.17 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | — | — | — | 633.43 | 941.61 | 318.98 | 203.93 | 242.24 | 431.61 | 1,130.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | — | — | 122.82 | 140.59 | 172.78 | 159.88 | 144.37 | 140.84 | 132.93 | 193.40 | 418.85 | 2,481.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | — | — | — | — | 113.44 | 152.95 | 156.39 | 159.12 | 156.78 | 206.26 | 174.57 | 225.28 | 224.96 | 260.26 | 357.30 | 404.46 | 408.11 | 436.46 | 570.38 | 493.80 | 404.36 | 583.07 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | — | — | — | 55.22 | 57.97 | 56.25 | 56.16 | 63.80 | 64.29 | 67.90 | 61.35 | 62.50 | 50.41 | 43.85 | 48.91 | 42.54 | 47.17 | 75.64 | 65.25 | 49.28 | 59.98 | 59.90 | 58.40 | 54.81 | 48.73 | ||||||||
| Workday Inc. | 162.95 | 155.71 | 166.90 | 201.96 | 210.15 | 381.31 | 4,065.25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-04-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q1 2026 Calculation
Operating profit per share
= (Income (loss) from operationsQ1 2026
+ Income (loss) from operationsQ4 2025
+ Income (loss) from operationsQ3 2025
+ Income (loss) from operationsQ2 2025)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (1,942,000,000 + 1,820,000,000 + 1,893,000,000 + 1,783,000,000)
÷ 956,000,000 = 7.78
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Salesforce Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q1 2026 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= 266.92 ÷ 7.78 = 34.31
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the quarterly financial data reveals several key trends and patterns in the share price, operating profit per share, and the price to operating profit ratio (P/OP) over the specified periods.
- Share Price
- The share price experienced notable fluctuations over the observed timeframe. Initially, it showed moderate variation around the 150 to 170 US$ range from April 2019 through January 2020. There was a significant rise beginning in mid-2020, peaking at 271.1 US$ in July 2020, followed by a decline and sideways movement around 200 US$ through early 2022.
- Subsequently, the price rebounded, reaching above 250 US$ by late 2023 and peaking near 368 US$ in October 2024. After this peak, the price slightly declined but remained elevated above 260 US$ through early 2025. Overall, the share price showed strong recovery and growth after early 2022, with increased volatility observed in the latter periods.
- Operating Profit per Share
- The operating profit per share data is sparse in the early periods but becomes available from January 2020 onward. Initially, there were volatile and generally low or slightly negative values (-0.06 US$ in July 2020), reflecting operational challenges in that period.
- From late 2020 forward, operating profit per share demonstrated a decisive upward trend, increasing steadily from 0.07 US$ in October 2020 to 7.78 US$ in April 2025. This indicates a significant and consistent improvement in operational profitability over the period.
- Price to Operating Profit Ratio (P/OP)
- The P/OP ratio exhibited extreme volatility in the early available periods, with notably high ratios such as 3682.1 in July 2020, reflecting very low or negative operating profits combined with fluctuating share prices.
- Over time, the ratio steadily decreased, moving from several hundreds or thousands down to a range roughly between 30 and 80 in the later periods. This decline corresponds with the rising operating profit per share and suggests improved market valuation alignment with operational earnings.
- The fall in P/OP ratio alongside rising operating profits indicates that the share price increase is increasingly supported by fundamental earnings improvements rather than speculative price movements alone.
In summary, the company displayed early challenges in operating profitability accompanied by volatile share price movements. However, from around late 2020 to early 2025, there is a clear positive trajectory in operating profit per share coinciding with a strong recovery and growth in share price. The substantial reduction in the P/OP ratio suggests the market has progressively recognized the company’s improving operational performance, leading to a more sustainable valuation over the observed periods.
Price to Sales (P/S)
Salesforce Inc., historical P/S calculation (quarterly data)
| Apr 30, 2025 | Jan 31, 2025 | Oct 31, 2024 | Jul 31, 2024 | Apr 30, 2024 | Jan 31, 2024 | Oct 31, 2023 | Jul 31, 2023 | Apr 30, 2023 | Jan 31, 2023 | Oct 31, 2022 | Jul 31, 2022 | Apr 30, 2022 | Jan 31, 2022 | Oct 31, 2021 | Jul 31, 2021 | Apr 30, 2021 | Jan 31, 2021 | Oct 31, 2020 | Jul 31, 2020 | Apr 30, 2020 | Jan 31, 2020 | Oct 31, 2019 | Jul 31, 2019 | Apr 30, 2019 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 956,000,000 | 961,000,000 | 957,000,000 | 956,000,000 | 969,000,000 | 970,000,000 | 968,000,000 | 973,000,000 | 974,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 995,000,000 | 990,000,000 | 985,000,000 | 979,000,000 | 926,000,000 | 921,000,000 | 915,000,000 | 910,000,000 | 901,000,000 | 895,000,000 | 887,000,000 | 877,000,000 | 776,000,000 | ||||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues (in millions) | 9,829) | 9,993) | 9,444) | 9,325) | 9,133) | 9,287) | 8,720) | 8,603) | 8,247) | 8,384) | 7,837) | 7,720) | 7,411) | 7,326) | 6,863) | 6,340) | 5,963) | 5,817) | 5,419) | 5,151) | 4,865) | 4,851) | 4,513) | 3,997) | 3,737) | ||||||||
| Sales per share2 | 40.37 | 39.43 | 38.86 | 38.14 | 36.89 | 35.94 | 35.08 | 33.99 | 33.05 | 31.35 | 30.29 | 29.32 | 28.08 | 26.76 | 25.36 | 24.04 | 24.14 | 23.07 | 22.17 | 21.30 | 20.23 | 19.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 266.92 | 291.97 | 367.87 | 257.01 | 218.01 | 303.77 | 251.90 | 221.46 | 212.90 | 182.95 | 147.00 | 173.91 | 176.07 | 197.90 | 261.20 | 266.53 | 234.62 | 213.12 | 225.86 | 271.10 | 176.36 | 169.60 | 156.43 | 151.57 | 158.44 | ||||||||
| Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/S ratio4 | 6.61 | 7.40 | 9.47 | 6.74 | 5.91 | 8.45 | 7.18 | 6.52 | 6.44 | 5.84 | 4.85 | 5.93 | 6.27 | 7.40 | 10.30 | 11.09 | 9.72 | 9.24 | 10.19 | 12.73 | 8.72 | 8.88 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/S Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | — | — | 2.60 | 2.80 | 3.51 | 3.48 | 2.98 | 3.36 | 3.32 | 2.98 | 3.05 | 2.72 | 2.67 | 2.56 | 3.04 | 3.57 | 4.72 | 4.28 | 3.86 | 3.72 | 3.75 | 3.26 | 3.11 | 2.26 | 3.01 | ||||||||
| Adobe Inc. | — | — | — | — | 7.69 | 8.27 | 10.88 | 11.47 | 11.33 | 13.88 | 12.12 | 11.93 | 9.66 | 8.95 | 7.61 | 10.33 | 13.47 | 14.94 | 18.20 | 19.39 | 16.61 | 17.04 | 18.15 | 17.19 | 12.64 | ||||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | — | — | — | — | 16.68 | 15.26 | 18.27 | 17.52 | 18.53 | 20.02 | 16.65 | 17.25 | 15.77 | 14.23 | 12.80 | 13.99 | 13.21 | 12.55 | 15.59 | 13.88 | 14.33 | 13.85 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 27.75 | 19.36 | 22.89 | 18.94 | 25.36 | 26.10 | 19.77 | 14.73 | 15.27 | 12.81 | 13.55 | 23.24 | 22.99 | 30.15 | 37.35 | 54.14 | 46.77 | 48.70 | 46.83 | 43.35 | 37.61 | 22.79 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | — | — | — | — | 3.39 | 3.81 | 3.03 | 2.82 | 2.46 | 2.73 | 2.16 | 2.11 | 1.89 | 1.94 | 1.99 | 1.95 | 2.10 | 1.94 | 1.82 | 1.96 | 1.83 | 1.47 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Intuit Inc. | — | — | 10.22 | 9.05 | 11.46 | 10.72 | 11.71 | 12.20 | 10.73 | 10.72 | 8.95 | 8.44 | 8.01 | 9.30 | 7.87 | 12.04 | 17.26 | 16.09 | 13.50 | 14.16 | 12.12 | 11.78 | 11.03 | 10.47 | 10.18 | ||||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | — | — | 10.88 | 12.56 | 12.65 | 12.82 | 12.54 | 13.34 | 11.25 | 11.60 | 9.86 | 8.83 | 9.20 | 10.40 | 10.50 | 11.70 | 13.21 | 12.81 | 12.33 | 11.43 | 10.96 | 10.85 | 9.70 | 9.52 | 8.07 | ||||||||
| Oracle Corp. | — | 10.32 | 7.25 | 9.05 | 8.03 | 7.44 | 6.68 | 5.37 | 5.89 | 6.63 | 4.73 | 4.71 | 4.64 | 4.25 | 4.96 | 6.62 | 5.96 | 5.38 | 4.90 | 4.53 | 4.67 | 4.33 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | — | — | — | 82.47 | 102.00 | 44.01 | 24.02 | 20.42 | 23.27 | 19.34 | 17.93 | 10.19 | 9.34 | 7.98 | 11.62 | 9.27 | 15.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | — | — | 13.62 | 15.45 | 15.74 | 13.62 | 12.95 | 11.25 | 10.83 | 10.87 | 9.63 | 9.23 | 8.70 | 9.62 | 9.22 | 9.68 | 11.48 | 10.72 | 8.85 | 9.71 | 7.64 | 6.66 | 7.03 | 6.29 | 7.16 | ||||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | — | — | — | — | 14.67 | 18.99 | 18.83 | 17.15 | 15.71 | 17.52 | 13.33 | 14.25 | 12.17 | 12.75 | 12.13 | 13.36 | 16.11 | 19.02 | 24.74 | 22.46 | 20.63 | 25.66 | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | — | — | — | 11.53 | 11.98 | 12.45 | 13.60 | 14.87 | 14.65 | 14.75 | 11.72 | 11.75 | 10.44 | 10.03 | 11.21 | 9.86 | 9.78 | 13.22 | 11.85 | 9.27 | 10.69 | 10.08 | 9.21 | 7.59 | 6.65 | ||||||||
| Workday Inc. | 7.31 | 7.65 | 8.57 | 8.77 | 7.41 | 9.61 | 8.94 | 8.77 | 7.93 | 7.71 | 6.19 | 7.33 | 7.91 | 11.19 | 15.28 | 13.10 | 13.09 | 13.95 | 12.07 | 14.47 | 11.23 | 10.65 | — | — | — | ||||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-04-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q1 2026 Calculation
Sales per share
= (RevenuesQ1 2026
+ RevenuesQ4 2025
+ RevenuesQ3 2025
+ RevenuesQ2 2025)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (9,829,000,000 + 9,993,000,000 + 9,444,000,000 + 9,325,000,000)
÷ 956,000,000 = 40.37
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Salesforce Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q1 2026 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= 266.92 ÷ 40.37 = 6.61
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the quarterly financial data reveals distinct trends in the company's share price, sales per share, and price-to-sales (P/S) ratio over the examined periods.
- Share Price
- The share price demonstrated notable fluctuations over time. Initially, it increased from approximately $158.44 in April 2019 to a peak above $271.10 in July 2020. Following this peak, there was a decline toward the beginning of 2022, reaching lows near $147 in October 2022. From this point, the share price exhibited a recovery trend, rising to a high of nearly $367.87 in October 2024 before slightly decreasing again by April 2025. The data suggests periods of both volatility and growth, with significant peaks followed by corrections and subsequent rallies.
- Sales Per Share
- Sales per share data begin to be reported from January 2020 onward. There is a consistent upward trend, increasing steadily from $19.10 in the first report to $40.37 by April 2025. This represents a more than doubling of sales per share over the observed time frame, indicating sustained revenue growth on a per-share basis with no visible interruptions or regressions in the trajectory.
- Price-to-Sales (P/S) Ratio
- The P/S ratio shows significant volatility throughout the periods reviewed. Early values around 8.88 in April 2020 decreased to approximately 4.85 in January 2023, reflecting a period during which the share price relative to sales per share was declining. Subsequently, the ratio rose again, peaking at 9.47 in October 2024 before falling back to 6.61 by April 2025. These movements indicate changing market sentiments or valuation adjustments relative to the company’s revenue generation capability, with periods of contraction followed by expansions in market valuation multiples.
Overall, the data depicts a company with strong sales growth underpinning its price metrics, amidst cyclical share price and valuation ratio movements. The upward trajectory in sales per share is a positive indicator of fundamental growth, while the oscillations in share price and P/S ratio suggest external market factors and investor sentiment weigh significantly on valuation fluctuations over time.
Price to Book Value (P/BV)
Salesforce Inc., historical P/BV calculation (quarterly data)
| Apr 30, 2025 | Jan 31, 2025 | Oct 31, 2024 | Jul 31, 2024 | Apr 30, 2024 | Jan 31, 2024 | Oct 31, 2023 | Jul 31, 2023 | Apr 30, 2023 | Jan 31, 2023 | Oct 31, 2022 | Jul 31, 2022 | Apr 30, 2022 | Jan 31, 2022 | Oct 31, 2021 | Jul 31, 2021 | Apr 30, 2021 | Jan 31, 2021 | Oct 31, 2020 | Jul 31, 2020 | Apr 30, 2020 | Jan 31, 2020 | Oct 31, 2019 | Jul 31, 2019 | Apr 30, 2019 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 956,000,000 | 961,000,000 | 957,000,000 | 956,000,000 | 969,000,000 | 970,000,000 | 968,000,000 | 973,000,000 | 974,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 | 995,000,000 | 990,000,000 | 985,000,000 | 979,000,000 | 926,000,000 | 921,000,000 | 915,000,000 | 910,000,000 | 901,000,000 | 895,000,000 | 887,000,000 | 877,000,000 | 776,000,000 | ||||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity (in millions) | 60,666) | 61,173) | 58,525) | 57,633) | 59,683) | 59,646) | 58,090) | 58,082) | 57,412) | 58,359) | 59,351) | 60,098) | 58,876) | 58,131) | 57,054) | 55,520) | 42,567) | 41,493) | 40,310) | 38,440) | 34,565) | 33,885) | 33,279) | 17,166) | 16,446) | ||||||||
| Book value per share (BVPS)2 | 63.46 | 63.66 | 61.15 | 60.29 | 61.59 | 61.49 | 60.01 | 59.69 | 58.94 | 58.36 | 59.35 | 60.10 | 59.17 | 58.72 | 57.92 | 56.71 | 45.97 | 45.05 | 44.05 | 42.24 | 38.36 | 37.86 | 37.52 | 19.57 | 21.19 | ||||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 266.92 | 291.97 | 367.87 | 257.01 | 218.01 | 303.77 | 251.90 | 221.46 | 212.90 | 182.95 | 147.00 | 173.91 | 176.07 | 197.90 | 261.20 | 266.53 | 234.62 | 213.12 | 225.86 | 271.10 | 176.36 | 169.60 | 156.43 | 151.57 | 158.44 | ||||||||
| Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/BV ratio4 | 4.21 | 4.59 | 6.02 | 4.26 | 3.54 | 4.94 | 4.20 | 3.71 | 3.61 | 3.13 | 2.48 | 2.89 | 2.98 | 3.37 | 4.51 | 4.70 | 5.10 | 4.73 | 5.13 | 6.42 | 4.60 | 4.48 | 4.17 | 7.74 | 7.48 | ||||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/BV Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accenture PLC | — | — | 5.82 | 6.44 | 7.98 | 7.98 | 6.92 | 8.00 | 8.03 | 7.44 | 7.65 | 7.22 | 7.26 | 7.13 | 8.46 | 9.85 | 12.45 | 11.06 | 9.57 | 9.27 | 9.38 | 8.51 | 8.64 | 6.53 | 8.73 | ||||||||
| Adobe Inc. | — | — | — | — | 12.95 | 12.61 | 15.67 | 15.79 | 14.62 | 16.31 | 14.51 | 14.82 | 12.24 | 11.22 | 9.10 | 12.33 | 15.78 | 15.94 | 19.07 | 20.14 | 16.77 | 16.53 | 19.27 | 19.03 | 14.08 | ||||||||
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | — | — | — | — | 17.02 | 15.15 | 17.43 | 17.12 | 21.18 | 24.05 | 20.96 | 22.55 | 19.75 | 18.46 | 16.23 | 17.49 | 15.10 | 13.68 | 17.63 | 15.94 | 15.79 | 14.90 | 13.22 | 12.81 | 10.07 | ||||||||
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 33.27 | 23.34 | 28.00 | 23.34 | 32.84 | 34.61 | 27.75 | 21.18 | 23.27 | 19.61 | 20.98 | 34.78 | 34.12 | 42.67 | 50.64 | 68.13 | 55.02 | 48.91 | 43.84 | 35.86 | 28.17 | 14.78 | 14.59 | 23.58 | 235.40 | ||||||||
| International Business Machines Corp. | — | — | — | — | 7.93 | 8.75 | 7.75 | 7.32 | 6.56 | 7.49 | 5.72 | 5.76 | 5.29 | 5.34 | 5.99 | 5.98 | 6.43 | 5.90 | 4.99 | 5.83 | 5.93 | 5.24 | 4.65 | 5.39 | 5.61 | ||||||||
| Intuit Inc. | — | — | 9.23 | 8.65 | 10.48 | 9.47 | 9.87 | 10.89 | 9.31 | 8.92 | 7.16 | 7.29 | 6.64 | 7.20 | 5.97 | 8.81 | 18.30 | 15.71 | 12.05 | 12.32 | 18.11 | 17.71 | 15.95 | 20.02 | 19.43 | ||||||||
| Microsoft Corp. | — | — | 9.13 | 10.86 | 11.18 | 11.71 | 11.72 | 12.74 | 11.13 | 11.92 | 10.52 | 9.84 | 10.77 | 12.38 | 12.40 | 13.52 | 15.32 | 15.16 | 14.67 | 13.45 | 13.07 | 13.11 | 11.75 | 11.61 | 9.87 | ||||||||
| Oracle Corp. | — | 28.96 | 24.17 | 36.17 | 39.94 | 45.25 | 62.34 | 71.68 | 126.71 | 308.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 41.57 | 21.84 | 22.54 | 19.31 | 14.01 | 10.62 | 11.23 | 9.59 | ||||||||
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | — | — | — | — | 47.36 | 58.42 | 25.89 | 14.70 | 12.62 | 14.90 | 12.89 | 12.41 | 7.43 | 6.94 | 6.12 | 8.63 | 6.46 | 10.48 | 21.63 | 23.50 | 19.63 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | — | — | 16.72 | 20.77 | 22.07 | 21.15 | 22.59 | 19.43 | 35.97 | 42.84 | 50.71 | 77.94 | 99.68 | 252.00 | 141.27 | 399.29 | 100.84 | 71.88 | 35.40 | 35.42 | 36.65 | 20.61 | 30.82 | 12.21 | 14.24 | ||||||||
| ServiceNow Inc. | — | — | — | — | 16.59 | 21.71 | 21.21 | 19.70 | 18.37 | 20.60 | 15.73 | 16.49 | 16.55 | 18.36 | 18.56 | 21.02 | 25.22 | 30.36 | 38.72 | 35.47 | 32.82 | 40.91 | 37.26 | 33.38 | 29.58 | ||||||||
| Synopsys Inc. | — | — | — | 7.24 | 7.82 | 8.48 | 10.75 | 12.58 | 13.16 | 14.02 | 10.87 | 10.66 | 9.58 | 9.24 | 9.90 | 8.43 | 8.17 | 10.50 | 9.38 | 7.26 | 8.37 | 7.57 | 7.04 | 6.04 | 5.41 | ||||||||
| Workday Inc. | 7.13 | 7.15 | 8.10 | 8.27 | 6.87 | 8.63 | 9.42 | 9.39 | 8.63 | 8.58 | 6.81 | 8.11 | 8.93 | 12.68 | 17.74 | 15.82 | 17.19 | 18.38 | 16.33 | 20.36 | 16.49 | 15.54 | 16.40 | 18.29 | 22.98 | ||||||||
Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-04-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-01-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-10-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-07-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-04-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q1 2026 Calculation
BVPS = Stockholders’ equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 60,666,000,000 ÷ 956,000,000 = 63.46
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Salesforce Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q1 2026 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= 266.92 ÷ 63.46 = 4.21
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The share price exhibits notable volatility over the observed periods, with several distinct trends. Initially, the price fluctuates moderately between approximately $150 and $170 until early 2020. From mid-2020, it experiences a marked increase, reaching a peak near $271 in July 2020, followed by a gradual decline through early 2022 to around $147 in October 2022. Subsequently, the share price recovers and rises sharply, attaining a significant high of approximately $368 in October 2024, before easing slightly towards the beginning of 2025.
The book value per share (BVPS) demonstrates a steady upward trajectory, reflecting consistent growth in the company's net asset value on a per-share basis. Starting from a relatively low base of around $19.57 in mid-2019, BVPS increases steadily, reaching about $63.66 by early 2025. There are no marked declines, suggesting sustained accumulation of the company’s equity.
The price-to-book value ratio (P/BV) highlights shifts in market valuation relative to the company’s net asset value. In the early periods, P/BV fluctuates between approximately 7.7 and 4.2, indicating higher market premiums relative to book value initially, followed by a notable decrease by early 2021 to values around 3.5 or lower. Through 2022 and early 2023, P/BV declines further, dipping under 3.0 before beginning a recovery phase. From mid-2023 onwards, the ratio increases again, surpassing 6.0 at a peak in late 2024, before reducing somewhat by early 2025. This pattern suggests alternating phases of market optimism and relative valuation adjustments versus the underlying book value.
- Summary of trends:
- The share price undergoes significant ups and downs, with a strong recovery following a mid-term decline, culminating in all-time highs in late 2024.
- Book value per share rises consistently, reflecting robust growth in shareholders’ equity without noticeable setbacks.
- The P/BV ratio experiences considerable variation, indicative of changing market sentiment and valuation multiples throughout the timeframe.