Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Uber Technologies Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Geographic Areas
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Selected Financial Data since 2019
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2019
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Economic Profit
Uber Technologies Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The analysis of the financial data over the five-year period reveals distinct trends and shifts in the company's performance and capital efficiency.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT experienced significant volatility throughout the period. In 2020, the company reported a substantial loss of $6,617 million, which improved markedly in 2021 to a much smaller loss of $819 million. However, 2022 saw a sharp reversal with NOPAT declining to a larger loss of $9,117 million. Following this, the company achieved positive NOPAT figures in 2023 and 2024, increasing from $2,401 million to $3,752 million, indicating a notable turnaround in operational profitability.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained relatively stable, fluctuating slightly within the range of approximately 16.5% to 17.6% over the years. It decreased marginally from 17.35% in 2020 to 16.48% in 2021, followed by a slight rise in subsequent years, peaking at 17.62% in 2023 before a minor dip to 17.59% in 2024. This stability suggests consistent risk perception and financing costs during the period.
- Invested Capital
- There is a clear downward trend in invested capital, decreasing from $21,038 million in 2020 to $14,934 million in 2024. The most significant reduction occurred between 2020 and 2021, with a decline of nearly $6,960 million, followed by relatively smaller decreases in the following years. This reduction may indicate divestments, asset sales, or efficiency improvements in capital deployment.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibited a pattern closely related to that of NOPAT but also reflects the impact of capital costs. Substantial negative economic profits were reported in 2020 (-$10,266 million) and 2022 (-$11,831 million), with partial improvement in 2021 (-$3,469 million) and a marked improvement in 2023 (-$360 million). By 2024, economic profit became positive ($1,125 million), signaling that the company began to generate returns exceeding its cost of capital. This transition highlights an overall enhancement in the company's value creation capability over the period.
In summary, the company demonstrated a challenging financial performance with considerable losses in the earlier years, followed by a significant recovery and value creation in the later years. The consistent cost of capital alongside declining invested capital and rising operating profit suggests improved operational efficiency and capital utilization. The shift from negative to positive economic profit by 2024 is a critical indicator of improved financial health and sustainable profitability.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Uber Technologies Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring and related charges accrual.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to Uber Technologies, Inc..
5 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to Uber Technologies, Inc..
8 2024 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
The financial data reveals significant fluctuations in the profitability of the company over the observed five-year period. The net income attributable to the company shows a notable trend from substantial losses to considerable profitability.
- Net Income (Loss)
- Initially, the company experienced very large net losses, with the loss amounting to -6,768 million US dollars in 2020. This negative result significantly narrowed in 2021, with losses reducing to -496 million US dollars. However, 2022 saw a dramatic reversal with net losses deepening again to -9,141 million US dollars, indicating potential challenges or one-off expenses during that year. Subsequently, there was a marked recovery in 2023, with the net income turning positive to 1,887 million US dollars. This positive trend continued and further improved in 2024, reaching a net income of 9,856 million US dollars, signaling a strong turnaround and improvement in profitability.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The trend in NOPAT mirrors that of net income with persistent losses in the initial years followed by improvements. In 2020, NOPAT was negative at -6,617 million US dollars, narrowing to -819 million US dollars in 2021. In 2022, this metric worsened sharply to a loss of -9,117 million US dollars, closely paralleling the net income loss for the year. From 2023 onward, NOPAT turned positive, registering 2,401 million US dollars in 2023 and increasing to 3,752 million US dollars in 2024. This shift indicates enhanced operational efficiency and effective tax management contributing to overall profitability in the latter years.
Overall, the data illustrates a company overcoming significant financial difficulties between 2020 and 2022, with a pronounced recovery beginning in 2023 and accelerating in 2024. This improvement in financial performance suggests effective strategic adjustments, cost management, or increased revenue generation that have reversed previous losses into substantial gains. The parallel movement of net income and NOPAT indicates consistent operational performance improvements alongside tax-related factors.
Cash Operating Taxes
Uber Technologies Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
The provision for income taxes experienced significant fluctuations over the observed period. Initially, the provision was a negative value of -192 million US dollars at the end of 2020, indicating a tax benefit. This trend continued and amplified in 2021, reaching a benefit peak of -492 million US dollars. However, the following year saw a reduction in the tax benefit to -181 million US dollars, followed by a notable reversal in 2023 where the provision turned positive to 213 million US dollars, indicating a tax expense. In 2024, the provision saw an extraordinary shift to a substantial tax benefit amounting to -5758 million US dollars.
Cash operating taxes showed a generally increasing trend from 2020 through 2022, rising from 184 million US dollars to 375 million US dollars. In 2023, cash operating taxes decreased to 242 million US dollars and remained relatively stable in 2024 with a slight increase to 250 million US dollars.
- Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
- Exhibits significant volatility with large swings between tax benefits and expenses. The values indicate a trend of fluctuating tax positions, possibly influenced by changes in earnings, tax regulations, or accounting treatments. The abrupt change in 2024 to a large tax benefit suggests the occurrence of unusual or one-time tax events.
- Cash operating taxes
- Show a moderate upward trend initially, peaking in 2022 before declining in subsequent years. The reduction in cash operating taxes despite the volatility in the provision for income taxes suggests differences between accounting for tax expenses and actual tax payments.
Invested Capital
Uber Technologies Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of restructuring and related charges accrual.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to total Uber Technologies, Inc. stockholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of construction in progress.
8 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases have exhibited a gradual increase from 9,603 million USD in 2020 to a peak of 11,702 million USD in 2023, followed by a slight reduction to 11,436 million USD in 2024. This trend indicates a relatively stable but elevated leverage position with a modest decrease in the most recent period.
- Total stockholders’ equity
- Stockholders’ equity showed significant fluctuations over the observed periods. It increased from 12,266 million USD in 2020 to 14,458 million USD in 2021, then sharply declined to 7,340 million USD in 2022. Subsequently, equity rebounded to 11,249 million USD in 2023 and surged strongly to 21,558 million USD in 2024. This volatility might reflect periods of significant capital restructuring, losses, or valuation adjustments followed by recovery and strengthening of the equity base.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital displayed a downward trend from 21,038 million USD in 2020 to 14,934 million USD in 2024. While there were minor fluctuations between 2021 and 2023, the overall trajectory indicates a reduction in the resources actively employed by the company over the five-year span.
Cost of Capital
Uber Technologies Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance leases liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Uber Technologies Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| FedEx Corp. | ||||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | ||||||
| United Airlines Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| United Parcel Service Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit shows significant volatility over the periods analyzed. It started with a large negative figure of -10,266 million US dollars in 2020, improved considerably to -3,469 million in 2021, then declined sharply again to -11,831 million in 2022. Notably, there was a substantial recovery in 2023 to a small negative figure of -360 million, turning positive in 2024 with 1,125 million, indicating a marked improvement in profitability towards the end of the period.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital decreased steadily over the five-year span, starting from 21,038 million US dollars in 2020 and declining to 14,934 million in 2024. This downward trend suggests a reduction in the capital committed to the business, which might reflect divestitures, asset sales, or more efficient capital management over time.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio demonstrates a pattern consistent with the economic profit trend. It was deeply negative at -48.8% in 2020, improved to -21.58% in 2021, then worsened significantly to -72.41% in 2022. A strong recovery is noted in 2023, reaching near breakeven at -2.3%, and finally turning positive to 7.53% in 2024. This indicates an improvement in the company’s ability to generate returns above the cost of capital, aligning with the positive economic profit reported in the final year.
- Overall Trends and Insights
- The data suggests a challenging financial performance in the earlier years, marked by large negative economic profits and negative economic spreads despite a declining invested capital base. The sharp deterioration in 2022 indicates increased operational or capital inefficiencies during that year. However, the subsequent recovery in 2023 and the positive results in 2024 reflect a turnaround, with the company generating positive economic profit and economic spread, signaling improved profitability and capital efficiency. This positive shift may imply strategic or operational improvements implemented in recent years.
Economic Profit Margin
Uber Technologies Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenue | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| FedEx Corp. | ||||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | ||||||
| United Airlines Holdings Inc. | ||||||
| United Parcel Service Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data over the analyzed periods reveal notable fluctuations in both economic profit and revenue figures.
- Revenue Trends
- Revenue has exhibited consistent growth across the five-year span. Starting at approximately 11.1 billion USD in 2020, it rose markedly to about 17.5 billion USD in 2021. Subsequently, the upward trajectory accelerated with revenues reaching near 31.9 billion USD in 2022, continuing to grow to 37.3 billion USD in 2023, and peaking at roughly 44 billion USD by the end of 2024. This indicates a robust and sustained increase in sales or service income over the period.
- Economic Profit Patterns
- Economic profit displayed high volatility across the measured years. In 2020, there was a substantial negative economic profit of approximately -10.3 billion USD. This loss narrowed significantly in 2021 to around -3.5 billion USD, suggesting improvement in operational efficiency or profitability. However, economic profit deteriorated again in 2022, reaching an even larger loss near -11.8 billion USD. Thereafter, a sharp turnaround occurred with economic profit approaching breakeven at -360 million USD in 2023, culminating in a positive economic profit of about 1.1 billion USD in 2024. This trend implies a gradual but considerable recovery in value generation by the company.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin, which measures economic profit relative to revenue, mirrors the pattern seen in absolute economic profit values. The margin was deeply negative at -92.16% in 2020, indicating severe losses in relation to revenue. This improved markedly in 2021 to -19.87%, then worsened again to -37.12% in 2022. A significant recovery occurred in 2023, with the margin nearly neutral at -0.97%, shifting into positive territory at 2.56% in 2024. This reflects increased operational efficiency and profitability relative to revenue over time.
Overall, the data suggest that while the company initially faced substantial economic losses, it has progressively improved profitability metrics despite fluctuations. The consistent revenue growth combined with the substantial reduction of economic losses and eventual transition to positive economic profit and margin by 2024 imply positive strides in financial performance and value creation.