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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

Cisco Systems Inc., economic profit calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Jul 28, 2018	Jul 29, 2017	Jul 30, 2016	Jul 25, 2015	Jul 26, 2014	Jul 27, 2013
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-09-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-09-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2015-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2014-09-09), 10-K (filing date: 2013-09-10).

2018 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Cisco Systems Inc.’s economic profit declined from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Cisco Systems Inc., NOPAT calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Jul 28, 2018	Jul 29, 2017	Jul 30, 2016	Jul 25, 2015	Jul 26, 2014	Jul 27, 2013
	Net income
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue³
	Increase (decrease) in product warranty liability⁴
	Increase (decrease) in restructuring liability⁵
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁶
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease obligations⁷
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁸
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁹
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income¹⁰
	Investment income, after taxes¹¹
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-09-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-09-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2015-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2014-09-09), 10-K (filing date: 2013-09-10).

2018 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty liability.

⁵ Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring liability.

⁶ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.

⁷ Addition of interest expense on capitalized operating leases. See Details »

⁸ Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 27.00% = hidden

⁹ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.

¹⁰ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 27.00% = hidden

¹¹ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Cisco Systems Inc.’s NOPAT declined from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Cisco Systems Inc., cash operating taxes calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Jul 28, 2018	Jul 29, 2017	Jul 30, 2016	Jul 25, 2015	Jul 26, 2014	Jul 27, 2013
	Provision for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-09-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-09-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2015-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2014-09-09), 10-K (filing date: 2013-09-10).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Cisco Systems Inc.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Cisco Systems Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

USD $ in millions

		Jul 28, 2018	Jul 29, 2017	Jul 30, 2016	Jul 25, 2015	Jul 26, 2014	Jul 27, 2013
	Short-term debt
	Long-term debt, excluding current portion
	PV of operating lease payments¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total Cisco shareholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	Deferred revenue⁴
	Product warranty liability⁵
	Restructuring liability⁶
	Equity equivalents⁷
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁸
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted total Cisco shareholders’ equity
	Available-for-sale investments⁹
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-09-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-09-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2015-09-08), 10-K (filing date: 2014-09-09), 10-K (filing date: 2013-09-10).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases. See Details »

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of deferred revenue.

⁵ Addition of product warranty liability.

⁶ Addition of restructuring liability.

⁷ Addition of equity equivalents to total Cisco shareholders’ equity.

⁸ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁹ Subtraction of available-for-sale investments.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Cisco Systems Inc.’s invested capital increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly declined from 2017 to 2018 not reaching 2016 level.

Cisco Systems Inc., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 27.00%)	=
PV of operating lease payments⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 27.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-09-06).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »

³ Debt. See Details »