Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Cisco Systems Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2026 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 15,250 – 17.66% × 97,313 = -1,932
The financial performance from 2021 to 2026 exhibits a significant transition from consistent value creation to a period of economic value destruction, primarily driven by a substantial increase in the capital base.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT remained relatively stable between 2021 and 2024, peaking at 12,636 million US$ in 2023. A notable contraction occurred in 2025, where profit fell to 9,841 million US$. However, a strong recovery is evident by 2026, with NOPAT reaching a period high of 15,250 million US$, suggesting a late-stage improvement in operational efficiency or revenue growth.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital was stable at approximately 57,000 to 59,000 million US$ from 2021 through 2023. A sharp increase is observed in 2024, where the capital base jumped to 91,785 million US$, representing a growth of approximately 55% in a single year. This elevated capital level persisted through 2026, ending at 97,313 million US$, indicating a significant expansion of the asset base or a major acquisition.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained within a narrow range of 16.58% to 18.05% throughout the analyzed period. While there was a slight decrease in 2024, the rate generally trended back toward 17.66% by 2026, indicating a consistent expectation of return relative to the risk profile of the investments.
- Economic Profit
- Positive economic profit was maintained from 2021 to 2023, peaking at 1,990 million US$ in 2023. A pivot to negative economic profit occurred in 2024 (-3,036 million US$) and deepened in 2025 (-5,911 million US$). This trend indicates that the operating returns were insufficient to cover the cost of the expanded invested capital. Although economic profit remained negative in 2026 (-1,932 million US$), the gap narrowed significantly due to the surge in NOPAT, suggesting a trajectory toward returning to positive value creation.
The primary driver of the decline in economic profit was the misalignment between the rapid expansion of invested capital in 2024 and the subsequent lag in NOPAT growth. The company shifted from creating economic value to destroying it when the capital charge exceeded the operating profits, a condition that persisted through 2026 despite an improving operational trend in the final year.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cisco Systems Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for credit loss.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty liability.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring liability.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
7 2026 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 1,652 × 4.00% = 66
8 2026 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 1,536 × 21.00% = 323
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
10 2026 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= 852 × 21.00% = 179
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
The financial performance from July 2021 to July 2026 exhibits a cyclical trend characterized by initial growth, a mid-period contraction, and a projected significant recovery. Both Net Income and Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) follow a similar trajectory, though their relationship diverges notably in the later years of the period.
- NOPAT Performance Trends
- A steady increase in NOPAT is observed from 2021 to 2023, rising from US$ 11,686 million to a peak of US$ 12,636 million. This growth is followed by a period of decline, with NOPAT falling to US$ 12,178 million in 2024 and reaching a period low of US$ 9,841 million in 2025. However, a substantial recovery is projected for 2026, with NOPAT increasing to US$ 15,250 million, representing the highest value in the analyzed timeframe.
- Net Income Correlation
- Net income mirrors the NOPAT trend with growth peaking in 2023 at US$ 12,613 million before declining through 2025 to US$ 10,180 million. The projected 2026 figure of US$ 13,267 million indicates a strong return to growth. The convergence of Net Income and NOPAT in 2023 suggests a period where operating profits were closely aligned with final bottom-line results.
- Operational Efficiency and Divergence
- For the majority of the period, NOPAT remains higher than Net Income, which is typical for firms with significant debt or non-operating expenses. A notable inversion occurs in July 2025, where NOPAT (US$ 9,841 million) drops below Net Income (US$ 10,180 million). This deviation indicates that non-operating income or tax adjustments may have temporarily offset a decline in core operating profitability. By 2026, the gap widens again, with NOPAT exceeding Net Income by US$ 1,983 million, signaling a projected return to robust operating performance.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Cisco Systems Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
The analysis of tax expenditures between 2021 and 2026 reveals a period of notable volatility in both accounting provisions and actual cash outflows, impacting the calculation of economic value added.
- Cash Operating Taxes Trends
- Cash operating taxes remained relatively stable between 2021 and 2022, followed by a substantial surge in 2023, where payments peaked at 4,688 million USD. This peak was followed by a corrective decline over the next two years, reaching a low of 2,211 million USD in 2025, before recovering to 2,660 million USD in 2026.
- Provision for Income Taxes Trends
- The provision for income taxes showed consistency from 2021 through 2023, hovering around 2,700 million USD. A significant downward trend emerged in 2024 and 2025, with the provision dropping sharply to 920 million USD in 2025. This trend reversed abruptly in 2026, with the provision returning to 2,742 million USD.
- Variance Analysis
- A significant divergence is observed in 2023, where cash operating taxes exceeded the provision for income taxes by approximately 1,983 million USD. In contrast, the relationship inverted by 2026, with the accounting provision exceeding the actual cash tax outflow. The widening gap between provisions and cash payments in 2024 and 2025 suggests a period of temporary tax deferrals or the utilization of tax assets before a return to normalized levels in 2026.
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Invested Capital
Cisco Systems Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of product warranty liability.
6 Addition of restructuring liability.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to equity.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
9 Subtraction of marketable securities.
The analysis of the capital structure reveals a substantial expansion of the total invested capital base over the observed period, characterized by a significant shift in financing composition between 2023 and 2024.
- Invested Capital Trajectory
- Invested capital remained relatively stable from July 2021 through July 2023, fluctuating within a narrow range between $57,460 million and $59,063 million. A sharp increase occurred in July 2024, where invested capital rose to $91,785 million, representing a growth of approximately 55.5% in a single year. This upward momentum continued toward the end of the period, reaching a peak of $97,313 million by July 2026.
- Debt and Lease Dynamics
- The primary driver of the surge in invested capital was a dramatic increase in total reported debt and leases. After a period of deleveraging between July 2021 ($12,694 million) and July 2023 ($9,411 million), debt obligations spiked to $32,232 million in July 2024. This more than threefold increase indicates a significant financing event or capital acquisition. Debt levels remained high through July 2026, concluding at $31,185 million.
- Equity Evolution
- Equity showed a consistent and steady upward trend following a minor contraction in July 2022. From a low of $39,773 million in 2022, equity grew incrementally each year to reach $50,285 million by July 2026. While the growth in equity contributed to the overall increase in invested capital, the rate of expansion was significantly more moderate compared to the volatility observed in debt levels.
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Cost of Capital
Cisco Systems Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 431,556) | 431,556) | ÷ | 462,571) | = | 0.93 | 0.93 | × | 18.66% | = | 17.41% | ||
| Debt3 | 29,363) | 29,363) | ÷ | 462,571) | = | 0.06 | 0.06 | × | 4.75% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.24% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,652) | 1,652) | ÷ | 462,571) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 4.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 462,571) | 1.00 | 17.66% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 267,513) | 267,513) | ÷ | 297,548) | = | 0.90 | 0.90 | × | 18.66% | = | 16.77% | ||
| Debt3 | 28,485) | 28,485) | ÷ | 297,548) | = | 0.10 | 0.10 | × | 4.88% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.37% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,550) | 1,550) | ÷ | 297,548) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 4.10% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 297,548) | 1.00 | 17.16% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 196,065) | 196,065) | ÷ | 228,591) | = | 0.86 | 0.86 | × | 18.66% | = | 16.00% | ||
| Debt3 | 31,256) | 31,256) | ÷ | 228,591) | = | 0.14 | 0.14 | × | 5.14% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.56% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,270) | 1,270) | ÷ | 228,591) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 4.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Total: | 228,591) | 1.00 | 16.58% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 230,275) | 230,275) | ÷ | 239,995) | = | 0.96 | 0.96 | × | 18.66% | = | 17.90% | ||
| Debt3 | 8,700) | 8,700) | ÷ | 239,995) | = | 0.04 | 0.04 | × | 4.78% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.14% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,020) | 1,020) | ÷ | 239,995) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.10% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 239,995) | 1.00 | 18.05% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 186,418) | 186,418) | ÷ | 197,764) | = | 0.94 | 0.94 | × | 18.66% | = | 17.59% | ||
| Debt3 | 10,300) | 10,300) | ÷ | 197,764) | = | 0.05 | 0.05 | × | 3.98% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.16% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,046) | 1,046) | ÷ | 197,764) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 2.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 197,764) | 1.00 | 17.76% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 247,159) | 247,159) | ÷ | 262,027) | = | 0.94 | 0.94 | × | 18.66% | = | 17.60% | ||
| Debt3 | 13,700) | 13,700) | ÷ | 262,027) | = | 0.05 | 0.05 | × | 3.36% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.14% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,168) | 1,168) | ÷ | 262,027) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 1.70% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 262,027) | 1.00 | 17.74% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Cisco Systems Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jul 25, 2026 | Jul 26, 2025 | Jul 27, 2024 | Jul 29, 2023 | Jul 30, 2022 | Jul 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (1,932) | (5,911) | (3,036) | 1,990) | 1,978) | 1,491) | |
| Invested capital2 | 97,313) | 91,789) | 91,785) | 58,979) | 59,063) | 57,460) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | -1.99% | -6.44% | -3.31% | 3.37% | 3.35% | 2.59% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Apple Inc. | — | 107.08% | 164.37% | 137.56% | 199.07% | 195.44% | |
| Arista Networks Inc. | — | 53.79% | 35.21% | 20.60% | 16.12% | 31.17% | |
| Dell Technologies Inc. | -0.22% | -9.72% | -8.36% | -0.70% | 3.17% | -1.35% | |
| Lumentum Holdings Inc. | -170.64% | -23.28% | -29.00% | -19.02% | -6.35% | 5.97% | |
| Super Micro Computer Inc. | -3.75% | -13.18% | -11.58% | -1.51% | -9.69% | -18.15% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2026 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -1,932 ÷ 97,313 = -1.99%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
An analysis of the economic value added metrics reveals a significant transition from value creation to value destruction starting in 2024. The period between 2021 and 2023 was characterized by modest growth and stability, which was subsequently superseded by a sharp increase in invested capital and a concurrent collapse in economic profit.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit maintained a positive trajectory from 2021 through 2023, increasing from US$ 1,491 million to US$ 1,990 million. A severe reversal occurred in 2024, with economic profit dropping to negative US$ 3,036 million. This downward trend accelerated in 2025, reaching a low of negative US$ 5,911 million, before showing signs of recovery in 2026 with a reduction in losses to negative US$ 1,932 million.
- Invested Capital Expansion
- Invested capital remained relatively stagnant between 2021 and 2023, hovering between US$ 57,460 million and US$ 58,979 million. A substantial capital infusion or expansion is evident in 2024, where invested capital jumped to US$ 91,785 million. This higher capital base was maintained in 2025 and grew further to US$ 97,313 million by 2026.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio was positive and increasing from 2021 to 2023, moving from 2.59% to 3.37%, signaling that the company was generating returns above its cost of capital. This performance inverted sharply in 2024, falling to -3.31%. The ratio reached its lowest point in 2025 at -6.44%, reflecting a significant gap between the cost of capital and actual returns. While the ratio improved to -1.99% in 2026, it remains negative, indicating that the invested capital is still not generating sufficient returns to cover the cost of that capital.
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Economic Profit Margin
Cisco Systems Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jul 25, 2026 | Jul 26, 2025 | Jul 27, 2024 | Jul 29, 2023 | Jul 30, 2022 | Jul 31, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (1,932) | (5,911) | (3,036) | 1,990) | 1,978) | 1,491) | |
| Revenue | 63,325) | 56,654) | 53,803) | 56,998) | 51,557) | 49,818) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | 1,002) | 304) | 2,925) | 2,286) | 1,100) | 1,718) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 64,327) | 56,958) | 56,728) | 59,284) | 52,657) | 51,536) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | -3.00% | -10.38% | -5.35% | 3.36% | 3.76% | 2.89% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Apple Inc. | — | 22.83% | 21.01% | 21.64% | 23.53% | 22.71% | |
| Arista Networks Inc. | — | 33.25% | 24.93% | 15.55% | 11.11% | 18.26% | |
| Dell Technologies Inc. | -0.11% | -5.25% | -5.13% | -0.39% | 1.66% | -1.16% | |
| Lumentum Holdings Inc. | -267.86% | -43.07% | -65.28% | -31.20% | -9.27% | 6.73% | |
| Super Micro Computer Inc. | -2.35% | -6.79% | -5.88% | -0.51% | -4.12% | -6.54% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-07-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-07-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-07-27), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-07-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2026 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × -1,932 ÷ 64,327 = -3.00%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial trajectory from 2021 to 2026 exhibits a distinct shift from positive economic value creation to a period of significant value destruction, followed by a partial recovery in the final year.
- Economic Profit Trends
- A period of growth is observed between 2021 and 2023, with economic profit rising from US$ 1,491 million to a peak of US$ 1,990 million. This positive trend reversed sharply in 2024, as the company entered a deficit of US$ 3,036 million. The decline accelerated in 2025, reaching a minimum of negative US$ 5,911 million, before showing a moderate recovery to negative US$ 1,932 million in 2026.
- Adjusted Revenue Analysis
- Adjusted revenue demonstrates an overall upward trend, increasing from US$ 51,536 million in 2021 to US$ 64,327 million in 2026. Despite this growth in top-line performance, the revenue increases did not translate into economic profit after 2023. This divergence suggests that the cost of capital employed to generate these revenues exceeded the operating returns during the 2024 to 2026 period.
- Economic Profit Margin Dynamics
- The economic profit margin peaked at 3.76% in 2022, indicating efficient value creation relative to revenue. A severe contraction occurred thereafter, with the margin flipping to -5.35% in 2024 and plummeting to -10.38% in 2025. By 2026, the margin improved to -3.00%, indicating a reduction in the intensity of value erosion, although the margin remains in negative territory.
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