Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
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Apple Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Income Statement
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Cash Flow Statement
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Operating Profit Margin since 2005
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Adjustments to Financial Statements
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Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Apple Inc., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Sep 25, 2021 | Sep 26, 2020 | Sep 28, 2019 | Sep 29, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 24, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | |||||||
| Total assets | |||||||
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||
| Less: Current marketable securities | |||||||
| Operating assets | |||||||
| Operating Liabilities | |||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||
| Less: Current portion of finance leases | |||||||
| Less: Commercial paper | |||||||
| Less: Current portion of term debt | |||||||
| Less: Non-current portion of term debt | |||||||
| Less: Non-current portion of finance leases | |||||||
| Operating liabilities | |||||||
| Net operating assets1 | |||||||
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | |||||||
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | |||||||
| Technology Hardware & Equipment | |||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | |||||||
| Information Technology | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-24).
1 2021 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= – =
2 2021 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2021 – Net operating assets2020
= – =
3 2021 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × ÷ [( + ) ÷ 2] =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Apple Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2020 to 2021. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Apple Inc., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Sep 25, 2021 | Sep 26, 2020 | Sep 28, 2019 | Sep 29, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 24, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income | |||||||
| Less: Cash generated by operating activities | |||||||
| Less: Cash (used in) generated by investing activities | |||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | |||||||
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | |||||||
| Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | |||||||
| Technology Hardware & Equipment | |||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | |||||||
| Information Technology | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-24).
1 2021 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × ÷ [( + ) ÷ 2] =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Apple Inc. improved earnings quality from 2020 to 2021. |