Stock Analysis on Net

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (NYSE:RCL)

$22.49

This company has been moved to the archive! The financial data has not been updated since July 29, 2022.

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Microsoft Excel

EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

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Economic Profit

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., economic profit calculation

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Dec 31, 2017
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1
Cost of capital2
Invested capital3
 
Economic profit4

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).

1 NOPAT. See details »

2 Cost of capital. See details »

3 Invested capital. See details »

4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= × =


Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., NOPAT calculation

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Dec 31, 2017
Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)1
Increase (decrease) in credit loss allowance2
Increase (decrease) in restructuring3
Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents4
Interest expense, net of interest capitalized
Interest expense, operating lease liability5
Adjusted interest expense, net of interest capitalized
Tax benefit of interest expense, net of interest capitalized6
Adjusted interest expense, net of interest capitalized, after taxes7
Interest income
Investment income, before taxes
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income8
Investment income, after taxes9
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).

1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

2 Addition of increase (decrease) in credit loss allowance.

3 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring.

4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd..

5 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =

6 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, net of interest capitalized = Adjusted interest expense, net of interest capitalized × Statutory income tax rate
= × 0.85% =

7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd..

8 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 0.85% =

9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.


The financial data reveals significant fluctuations in the company's profitability over the five-year period.

Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
From 2017 to 2019, net income exhibited a steady increase, rising from approximately $1.63 billion to nearly $1.88 billion. However, the years 2020 and 2021 show a drastic reversal to substantial net losses, amounting to negative $5.80 billion and negative $5.26 billion respectively. This sharp decline reflects a critical downturn in net profitability during these latter years.
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)
Similarly, NOPAT increased consistently from about $1.90 billion in 2017 to approximately $2.33 billion in 2019, demonstrating a positive operational performance before taxes. In contrast, 2020 and 2021 recorded significant negative NOPAT values, at nearly negative $4.92 billion and negative $3.96 billion respectively, signaling severe operational challenges impacting the company’s profitability after tax obligations.

Overall, the data indicates a period of strong financial performance up until 2019, followed by a sharp deterioration in both net income and operational profitability in the subsequent two years. The magnitude of losses recorded in 2020 and 2021 suggests substantial adverse impacts on the company's financial health during this period.


Cash Operating Taxes

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Dec 31, 2017
Income tax (expense) benefit
Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
Add: Tax savings from interest expense, net of interest capitalized
Less: Tax imposed on investment income
Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).


Income Tax (Expense) Benefit
The income tax benefit showed an increasing trend from 2017 to 2019, rising from 18,300 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 32,600 thousand US dollars in 2019. However, there was a significant reversal in 2020 and 2021, with the figures turning into expenses of 15,000 thousand and 45,200 thousand US dollars respectively. This indicates a shift from tax benefits to tax expenses in these two years, suggesting a possible change in profitability, tax regulations, or financial strategy.
Cash Operating Taxes
Cash operating taxes followed a similar pattern to the income tax benefit, increasing steadily from 21,373 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 39,556 thousand US dollars in 2019. In 2020 and 2021, there was a sharp decline turning into negative values of 12,780 thousand and 34,028 thousand US dollars respectively. This negative value implies possible tax refunds, credits, or adjustments during these years, which aligns with the shift observed in income tax figures.
Overall Insight
The data reflects a period of consistent growth in tax-related expenses and benefits until 2019, followed by a sudden and marked change in 2020 and 2021. The switch from positive to negative figures likely indicates an unusual financial situation or external impact affecting taxable income and tax payments during the latter years, possibly linked to broader economic factors or company-specific events.

Invested Capital

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in thousands

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Dec 31, 2017
Current portion of long-term debt
Commercial paper
Long-term debt, excluding current portion
Operating lease liability1
Total reported debt & leases
Shareholders’ equity
Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities2
Credit loss allowance3
Restructuring4
Equity equivalents5
Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax6
Redeemable noncontrolling interest
Adjusted shareholders’ equity
Ships under construction7
Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).

1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.

2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

4 Addition of restructuring.

5 Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity.

6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

7 Subtraction of ships under construction.


Total Reported Debt & Leases

The total reported debt and leases increased significantly over the period analyzed. Starting from approximately $7.7 billion at the end of 2017, it rose markedly to about $11.3 billion by the end of 2018. The upward trend continued with a smaller increase to $11.7 billion by the end of 2019, followed by a very sharp rise to nearly $20.0 billion at the end of 2020. By the end of 2021, the figure further increased to around $21.7 billion. This reflects a consistent and steep growth in the company's leverage position over the five-year period.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity showed a fluctuating and ultimately declining trend. Starting at approximately $10.7 billion at the end of 2017, it rose slightly to about $11.1 billion in 2018, and then further increased to $12.2 billion at the end of 2019, marking the highest level within the timeframe. However, by the end of 2020, equity decreased sharply to around $8.8 billion. This downward trajectory continued in 2021, with equity dropping significantly to approximately $5.1 billion. The decline suggests a reduction in net asset value, possibly indicating losses, dividend payments, or other factors reducing equity.

Invested Capital

Invested capital demonstrated an overall upward trend with some volatility. It increased from about $18.1 billion at the end of 2017 to approximately $22.8 billion in 2018, continuing to climb to $24.2 billion at the end of 2019. A notable increase occurred by the end of 2020, reaching about $28.4 billion. However, by the end of 2021, invested capital decreased to roughly $26.3 billion. This pattern indicates ongoing investment or capital deployment, particularly between 2019 and 2020, with a slight contraction observed in the final period.

Overall Insights

The data reveals a pronounced increase in total debt and leases, especially during 2020 and 2021, suggesting increased borrowing or lease commitments, possibly to support operations or capital expenditures during challenging periods. Meanwhile, shareholders’ equity experienced a marked decline after 2019, which could signal operational difficulties, impairments, or significant distributions. Invested capital's growth until 2020 suggests increased resource commitment, with a slight reduction in 2021 potentially reflecting asset disposals or changes in capital structure. The combination of rising debt and falling equity points to increased financial leverage and potential risk in the company’s capital structure.


Cost of Capital

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., cost of capital calculations

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 ÷ = × =
Debt3 ÷ = × × (1 – 0.85%) =
Operating lease liability4 ÷ = × × (1 – 0.85%) =
Total:

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 ÷ = × =
Debt3 ÷ = × × (1 – 0.26%) =
Operating lease liability4 ÷ = × × (1 – 0.26%) =
Total:

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 ÷ = × =
Debt3 ÷ = × × (1 – 1.68%) =
Operating lease liability4 ÷ = × × (1 – 1.68%) =
Total:

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 ÷ = × =
Debt3 ÷ = × × (1 – 1.14%) =
Operating lease liability4 ÷ = × × (1 – 1.14%) =
Total:

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »

Capital (fair value)1 Weights Cost of capital
Equity2 ÷ = × =
Debt3 ÷ = × × (1 – 1.11%) =
Operating lease liability4 ÷ = × × (1 – 1.11%) =
Total:

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).

1 US$ in thousands

2 Equity. See details »

3 Debt. See details »

4 Operating lease liability. See details »


Economic Spread Ratio

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Dec 31, 2017
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands)
Economic profit1
Invested capital2
Performance Ratio
Economic spread ratio3
Benchmarks
Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4
Airbnb Inc.
Booking Holdings Inc.
Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc.
McDonald’s Corp.
Starbucks Corp.

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).

1 Economic profit. See details »

2 Invested capital. See details »

3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =

4 Click competitor name to see calculations.


Economic Profit Margin

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Dec 31, 2018 Dec 31, 2017
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands)
Economic profit1
Revenues
Performance Ratio
Economic profit margin2
Benchmarks
Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3
Airbnb Inc.
Booking Holdings Inc.
Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc.
McDonald’s Corp.
Starbucks Corp.

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).

1 Economic profit. See details »

2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenues
= 100 × ÷ =

3 Click competitor name to see calculations.