Present Value of Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF)
In discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation techniques the value of the stock is estimated based upon present value of some measure of cash flow. Free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) is generally described as cash flows after direct costs and before any payments to capital suppliers.
Intrinsic Stock Value (Valuation Summary)
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) forecast
US$ in thousands, except per share data
| Year | Value | FCFFt or Terminal value (TVt) | Calculation | Present value at 12.13% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | FCFF0 | -3,222,065 | ||
| 1 | FCFF1 | — | = -3,222,065 × (1 + 0.00%) | — |
| 2 | FCFF2 | — | = — × (1 + 0.00%) | — |
| 3 | FCFF3 | — | = — × (1 + 0.00%) | — |
| 4 | FCFF4 | — | = — × (1 + 0.00%) | — |
| 5 | FCFF5 | — | = — × (1 + 0.00%) | — |
| 5 | Terminal value (TV5) | — | = — × (1 + 0.00%) ÷ (12.13% – 0.00%) | — |
| Intrinsic value of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. capital | — | |||
| Less: Debt (fair value) | 22,848,755 | |||
| Intrinsic value of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. common stock | — | |||
| Intrinsic value of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. common stock (per share) | $— | |||
| Current share price | $38.71 | |||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
Disclaimer!
Valuation is based on standard assumptions. There may exist specific factors relevant to stock value and omitted here. In such a case, the real stock value may differ significantly form the estimated. If you want to use the estimated intrinsic stock value in investment decision making process, do so at your own risk.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., cost of capital
| Value1 | Weight | Required rate of return2 | Calculation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity (fair value) | 9,873,342 | 0.30 | 27.69% | |
| Debt (fair value) | 22,848,755 | 0.70 | 5.41% | = 5.47% × (1 – 1.01%) |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
Equity (fair value) = No. shares of common stock outstanding × Current share price
= 255,059,197 × $38.71
= $9,873,341,515.87
Debt (fair value). See details »
2 Required rate of return on equity is estimated by using CAPM. See details »
Required rate of return on debt. See details »
Required rate of return on debt is after tax.
Estimated (average) effective income tax rate
= (0.85% + 0.26% + 1.68% + 1.14% + 1.11%) ÷ 5
= 1.01%
WACC = 12.13%
FCFF Growth Rate (g)
FCFF growth rate (g) implied by PRAT model
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., PRAT model
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
2021 Calculations
2 Interest expense, net of interest capitalized, after tax = Interest expense, net of interest capitalized × (1 – EITR)
= 1,291,753 × (1 – 0.85%)
= 1,280,773
3 EBIT(1 – EITR)
= Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. + Interest expense, net of interest capitalized, after tax
= -5,260,499 + 1,280,773
= -3,979,726
4 RR = [EBIT(1 – EITR) – Interest expense (after tax) and dividends] ÷ EBIT(1 – EITR)
= [-3,979,726 – 1,280,773] ÷ -3,979,726
= —
5 ROIC = 100 × EBIT(1 – EITR) ÷ Total capital
= 100 × -3,979,726 ÷ 26,175,896
= -15.20%
6 g = RR × ROIC
= 0.58 × -0.54%
= 0.00%
FCFF growth rate (g) forecast
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., H-model
| Year | Value | gt |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | g1 | 0.00% |
| 2 | g2 | 0.00% |
| 3 | g3 | 0.00% |
| 4 | g4 | 0.00% |
| 5 and thereafter | g5 | 0.00% |
where:
g1 is implied by PRAT model
g5 is implied by single-stage model
g2, g3 and g4 are calculated using linear interpoltion between g1 and g5
Calculations
g2 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= 0.00% + (0.00% – 0.00%) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= 0.00%
g3 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= 0.00% + (0.00% – 0.00%) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= 0.00%
g4 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= 0.00% + (0.00% – 0.00%) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= 0.00%