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Economic Value Added (EVA)
Advanced level
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Kraft Heinz Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 28, 2019 | Dec 29, 2018 | Dec 30, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2019 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | Kraft Heinz Co.’s economic profit decreased from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Kraft Heinz Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances related to trade accounts receivable.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in liability balance for Integration Program and restructuring project costs.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to Kraft Heinz.
5 2019 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2019 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to Kraft Heinz.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | Kraft Heinz Co.’s NOPAT decreased from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 not reaching 2017 level. |
Cash Operating Taxes
Kraft Heinz Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | Kraft Heinz Co.’s cash operating taxes decreased from 2017 to 2018 but then slightly increased from 2018 to 2019. |
Invested Capital
Kraft Heinz Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of liability balance for Integration Program and restructuring project costs.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of construction in progress.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | Kraft Heinz Co.’s invested capital decreased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019. |
Cost of Capital
Kraft Heinz Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Kraft Heinz Co., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 28, 2019 | Dec 29, 2018 | Dec 30, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Mondelēz International Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2019 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | Kraft Heinz Co.’s economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 but then improved from 2018 to 2019 not reaching 2017 level. |
Economic Profit Margin
Kraft Heinz Co., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 28, 2019 | Dec 29, 2018 | Dec 30, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Mondelēz International Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-06-07), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-16), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2016-03-03).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2019 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | Kraft Heinz Co.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 but then improved from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level. |