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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Biogen Inc., economic profit calculation

US$ in thousands

	12 months ended:	Dec 31, 2019	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

⁴ 2019 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Biogen Inc.’s economic profit increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

Biogen Inc., NOPAT calculation

US$ in thousands

	12 months ended:	Dec 31, 2019	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015
	Net income attributable to Biogen Inc.
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in reserves for allowances²
	Increase (decrease) in restructuring reserve³
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁴
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁵
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁶
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁷
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁸
	Investment income, after taxes⁹
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in reserves for allowances.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring reserve.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Biogen Inc..

⁵ 2019 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =

⁶ 2019 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =

⁷ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Biogen Inc..

⁸ 2019 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =

⁹ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Biogen Inc.’s NOPAT increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

Biogen Inc., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in thousands

	12 months ended:	Dec 31, 2019	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015
	Income tax expense
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Biogen Inc.’s cash operating taxes decreased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

Biogen Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in thousands

		Dec 31, 2019	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015
	Current portion of notes payable
	Notes payable, excluding current portion
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total Biogen Inc. shareholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Reserves for allowances³
	Restructuring reserve⁴
	Equity equivalents⁵
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁶
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted total Biogen Inc. shareholders’ equity
	Construction in progress⁷
	Marketable securities⁸
	Invested capital

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of restructuring reserve.

⁵ Addition of equity equivalents to total Biogen Inc. shareholders’ equity.

⁶ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁷ Subtraction of construction in progress.

⁸ Subtraction of marketable securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Biogen Inc.’s invested capital increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019.

Biogen Inc., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Notes payable and other financing arrangements, including current portion³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

¹ US$ in thousands