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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

Boeing Co., economic profit calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014	Dec 31, 2013
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-14).

2017 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Boeing Co.’s economic profit increased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017.

Boeing Co., NOPAT calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014	Dec 31, 2013
	Net earnings related to parent
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in product warranties³
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁴
	Interest and debt expense
	Interest expense, operating lease obligations⁵
	Adjusted interest and debt expense
	Tax benefit of interest and debt expense⁶
	Adjusted interest and debt expense, after taxes⁷
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax⁸
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-14).

2017 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in valuation allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranties.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings related to parent.

⁵ Addition of interest expense on capitalized operating leases. See Details »

⁶ Tax benefit of interest and debt expense = Adjusted interest and debt expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 35.00% = hidden

⁷ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings related to parent.

⁸ Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Boeing Co.’s NOPAT declined from 2015 to 2016 but then increased from 2016 to 2017 exceeding 2015 level.

Boeing Co., cash operating taxes calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014	Dec 31, 2013
	Income tax expense
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest and debt expense
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-14).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Boeing Co.’s cash operating taxes declined from 2015 to 2016 but then slightly increased from 2016 to 2017.

Boeing Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

USD $ in millions

		Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014	Dec 31, 2013
	Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt
	Long-term debt, excluding current portion
	PV of operating lease payments¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Shareholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Valuation allowance for doubtful accounts³
	Product warranties⁴
	Equity equivalents⁵
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁶
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted shareholders’ equity
	Construction in progress⁷
	Investments, excluding Equity method investments⁸
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-14).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases. See Details »

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of product warranties.

⁵ Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity.

⁶ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁷ Subtraction of construction in progress.

⁸ Subtraction of investments, excluding Equity method investments.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Boeing Co.’s invested capital declined from 2015 to 2016 but then slightly increased from 2016 to 2017.

Boeing Co., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Debt, including capital lease obligations and commercial paper³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
PV of operating lease payments⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-12).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »