An operating lease is treated like a rental contract. Neither the leased asset nor the associated liability is reported on the lessee balance sheet, but the rights may be very similar to the rights of an owner. The lessee only records the lease payments as a rental expense in income statement.

Adjustments to Financial Statements for Operating Leases
Adjusted Financial Ratios for Operating Leases (Summary)
Adjusted Total Asset Turnover
Adjusted Debt to Equity
Adjusted Return on Assets (ROA)

Merck & Co. Inc., adjustments to financial statements

US$ in millions

	Dec 31, 2025	Dec 31, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021
Adjustment to Total Assets
Total assets (as reported)	136,866)	117,106)	106,675)	109,160)	105,694)
Add: Operating lease right-of-use asset (before adoption of FASB Topic 842)¹	—)	—)	—)	—)	—)
Total assets (adjusted)	136,866)	117,106)	106,675)	109,160)	105,694)
Adjustment to Total Debt
Total debt (as reported)	49,339)	37,111)	35,055)	30,691)	33,102)
Add: Operating lease liability (before adoption of FASB Topic 842)²	—)	—)	—)	—)	—)
Add: Current operating lease liability (included in Accrued and other current liabilities)	294)	282)	285)	281)	304)
Add: Noncurrent operating lease liability (included in Other noncurrent liabilities)	901)	877)	928)	1,013)	1,225)
Total debt (adjusted)	50,534)	38,270)	36,268)	31,985)	34,631)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).

^{1, 2} Equal to total present value of future operating lease payments.

Merck & Co. Inc., Financial Data: Reported vs. Adjusted

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Merck & Co. Inc., adjusted financial ratios

	Dec 31, 2025	Dec 31, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021
Total Asset Turnover¹
Reported total asset turnover	0.47	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.46
Adjusted total asset turnover	0.47	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.46
Debt to Equity²
Reported debt to equity	0.94	0.80	0.93	0.67	0.87
Adjusted debt to equity	0.96	0.83	0.97	0.70	0.91
Return on Assets³ (ROA)
Reported ROA	13.34%	14.62%	0.34%	13.30%	12.35%
Adjusted ROA	13.34%	14.62%	0.34%	13.30%	12.35%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).

¹ See details »

² See details »

³ See details »

Financial ratio	Description	The company
Adjusted total asset turnover	An activity ratio calculated as total revenue divided by adjusted total assets.	Merck & Co. Inc. adjusted total asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2023 to 2024 and from 2024 to 2025.
Adjusted debt to equity	A solvency ratio calculated as adjusted total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity.	Merck & Co. Inc. adjusted debt to equity ratio improved from 2023 to 2024 but then slightly deteriorated from 2024 to 2025 not reaching 2023 level.
Adjusted ROA	A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by adjusted total assets.	Merck & Co. Inc. adjusted ROA improved from 2023 to 2024 but then slightly deteriorated from 2024 to 2025.

Merck & Co. Inc., Financial Ratios: Reported vs. Adjusted

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	Dec 31, 2025	Dec 31, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Sales	65,011)	64,168)	60,115)	59,283)	48,704)
Total assets	136,866)	117,106)	106,675)	109,160)	105,694)
Activity Ratio
Total asset turnover¹	0.47	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.46
Adjusted for Operating Leases
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Sales	65,011)	64,168)	60,115)	59,283)	48,704)
Adjusted total assets	136,866)	117,106)	106,675)	109,160)	105,694)
Activity Ratio
Adjusted total asset turnover²	0.47	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.46

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).

2025 Calculations

¹ Total asset turnover = Sales ÷ Total assets
= 65,011 ÷ 136,866 = 0.47

² Adjusted total asset turnover = Sales ÷ Adjusted total assets
= 65,011 ÷ 136,866 = 0.47

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Activity ratio	Description	The company
Adjusted total asset turnover	An activity ratio calculated as total revenue divided by adjusted total assets.	Merck & Co. Inc. adjusted total asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2023 to 2024 and from 2024 to 2025.

	Dec 31, 2025	Dec 31, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Total debt	49,339)	37,111)	35,055)	30,691)	33,102)
Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity	52,606)	46,313)	37,581)	45,991)	38,184)
Solvency Ratio
Debt to equity¹	0.94	0.80	0.93	0.67	0.87
Adjusted for Operating Leases
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Adjusted total debt	50,534)	38,270)	36,268)	31,985)	34,631)
Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity	52,606)	46,313)	37,581)	45,991)	38,184)
Solvency Ratio
Adjusted debt to equity²	0.96	0.83	0.97	0.70	0.91

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).

2025 Calculations

¹ Debt to equity = Total debt ÷ Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity
= 49,339 ÷ 52,606 = 0.94

² Adjusted debt to equity = Adjusted total debt ÷ Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity
= 50,534 ÷ 52,606 = 0.96

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Solvency ratio	Description	The company
Adjusted debt-to-equity	A solvency ratio calculated as adjusted total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity.	Merck & Co. Inc. adjusted debt-to-equity ratio improved from 2023 to 2024 but then slightly deteriorated from 2024 to 2025 not reaching 2023 level.

	Dec 31, 2025	Dec 31, 2024	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	18,254)	17,117)	365)	14,519)	13,049)
Total assets	136,866)	117,106)	106,675)	109,160)	105,694)
Profitability Ratio
ROA¹	13.34%	14.62%	0.34%	13.30%	12.35%
Adjusted for Operating Leases
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	18,254)	17,117)	365)	14,519)	13,049)
Adjusted total assets	136,866)	117,106)	106,675)	109,160)	105,694)
Profitability Ratio
Adjusted ROA²	13.34%	14.62%	0.34%	13.30%	12.35%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).

2025 Calculations

¹ ROA = 100 × Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. ÷ Total assets
= 100 × 18,254 ÷ 136,866 = 13.34%

² Adjusted ROA = 100 × Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. ÷ Adjusted total assets
= 100 × 18,254 ÷ 136,866 = 13.34%

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Profitability ratio	Description	The company
Adjusted ROA	A profitability ratio calculated as net income divided by adjusted total assets.	Merck & Co. Inc. adjusted ROA improved from 2023 to 2024 but then slightly deteriorated from 2024 to 2025.

Merck & Co. Inc. (NYSE:MRK)

Analysis of Operating Leases

Adjustments to Financial Statements for Operating Leases

Merck & Co. Inc., Financial Data: Reported vs. Adjusted

Adjusted Financial Ratios for Operating Leases (Summary)

Merck & Co. Inc., Financial Ratios: Reported vs. Adjusted

Adjusted Total Asset Turnover

Adjusted Debt to Equity

Adjusted Return on Assets (ROA)