Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Quarterly Data
Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).
Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
United Parcel Service Inc., historical price multiples (quarterly data)
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/E ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level. |
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/OP ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level. |
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/S ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then slightly increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023. |
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/BV ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 not reaching Q2 2023 level. |
Price to Earnings (P/E)
United Parcel Service Inc., historical P/E calculation (quarterly data)
| Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | Jun 30, 2019 | Mar 31, 2019 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 852,653,061 | 851,925,589 | 854,449,889 | 858,886,345 | 858,740,988 | 864,918,158 | 868,668,033 | 873,766,348 | 870,391,403 | 869,142,150 | 871,042,255 | 870,532,608 | 867,038,529 | 864,397,983 | 863,375,484 | 862,176,537 | 858,487,676 | 857,822,686 | 858,704,977 | 860,755,624 | ||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (in millions) | 1,605) | 1,127) | 2,081) | 1,895) | 3,453) | 2,584) | 2,849) | 2,662) | 3,093) | 2,329) | 2,676) | 4,792) | (3,347) | 1,957) | 1,768) | 965) | (106) | 1,750) | 1,685) | 1,111) | ||||||
| Earnings per share (EPS)2 | 7.87 | 10.04 | 11.72 | 12.55 | 13.45 | 12.94 | 12.59 | 12.31 | 14.81 | 7.42 | 6.98 | 5.94 | 1.55 | 5.30 | 5.07 | 4.98 | 5.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 148.64 | 139.80 | 180.55 | 175.83 | 178.46 | 164.58 | 193.42 | 183.80 | 208.97 | 210.72 | 192.60 | 214.52 | 161.60 | 159.55 | 144.72 | 94.83 | 106.48 | 116.91 | 119.81 | 106.22 | ||||||
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/E ratio4 | 18.89 | 13.92 | 15.41 | 14.01 | 13.27 | 12.72 | 15.37 | 14.93 | 14.11 | 28.39 | 27.60 | 36.12 | 104.33 | 30.09 | 28.55 | 19.04 | 20.59 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/E Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FedEx Corp. | 16.11 | 17.14 | 12.45 | 11.20 | 14.80 | 11.50 | 12.86 | 13.14 | 15.07 | 23.08 | 31.59 | 34.80 | 33.43 | — | 568.30 | 100.48 | 82.00 | 13.00 | 9.72 | 14.01 | ||||||
| Uber Technologies Inc. | 89.56 | 97.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | 23.85 | 20.14 | 21.55 | 17.65 | 17.97 | 16.21 | 19.32 | 22.53 | 23.67 | 24.01 | 24.34 | 27.76 | 25.57 | 23.48 | 21.35 | 17.22 | 21.44 | — | — | — | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2023 Calculation
EPS
= (Net incomeQ4 2023
+ Net incomeQ3 2023
+ Net incomeQ2 2023
+ Net incomeQ1 2023)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (1,605,000,000 + 1,127,000,000 + 2,081,000,000 + 1,895,000,000)
÷ 852,653,061 = 7.87
3 Closing price as at the filing date of United Parcel Service Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= 148.64 ÷ 7.87 = 18.89
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/E ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level. |
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
United Parcel Service Inc., historical P/OP calculation (quarterly data)
| Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | Jun 30, 2019 | Mar 31, 2019 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 852,653,061 | 851,925,589 | 854,449,889 | 858,886,345 | 858,740,988 | 864,918,158 | 868,668,033 | 873,766,348 | 870,391,403 | 869,142,150 | 871,042,255 | 870,532,608 | 867,038,529 | 864,397,983 | 863,375,484 | 862,176,537 | 858,487,676 | 857,822,686 | 858,704,977 | 860,755,624 | ||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit (in millions) | 2,477) | 1,343) | 2,780) | 2,541) | 3,195) | 3,113) | 3,535) | 3,251) | 3,891) | 2,896) | 3,258) | 2,765) | 2,037) | 2,363) | 2,212) | 1,072) | 2,133) | 2,128) | 2,143) | 1,394) | ||||||
| Operating profit per share2 | 10.72 | 11.57 | 13.61 | 14.42 | 15.25 | 15.94 | 15.63 | 15.22 | 14.72 | 12.61 | 11.97 | 10.77 | 8.86 | 9.00 | 8.74 | 8.67 | 9.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 148.64 | 139.80 | 180.55 | 175.83 | 178.46 | 164.58 | 193.42 | 183.80 | 208.97 | 210.72 | 192.60 | 214.52 | 161.60 | 159.55 | 144.72 | 94.83 | 106.48 | 116.91 | 119.81 | 106.22 | ||||||
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/OP ratio4 | 13.86 | 12.08 | 13.27 | 12.19 | 11.70 | 10.32 | 12.38 | 12.08 | 14.20 | 16.72 | 16.10 | 19.92 | 18.23 | 17.73 | 16.56 | 10.94 | 11.72 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/OP Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FedEx Corp. | 13.03 | 9.62 | 7.38 | 6.66 | 9.07 | 9.66 | 10.90 | 11.82 | 13.46 | 15.42 | 19.66 | 20.51 | 17.79 | 7.61 | 11.34 | 10.34 | 9.92 | 10.19 | 10.21 | 13.97 | ||||||
| Uber Technologies Inc. | 152.26 | 325.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | 16.75 | 14.11 | 15.20 | 12.56 | 12.68 | 11.53 | 13.58 | 15.79 | 16.53 | 16.70 | 16.84 | 18.84 | 17.46 | 15.91 | 14.61 | 11.83 | 14.83 | — | — | — | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2023 Calculation
Operating profit per share
= (Operating profitQ4 2023
+ Operating profitQ3 2023
+ Operating profitQ2 2023
+ Operating profitQ1 2023)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (2,477,000,000 + 1,343,000,000 + 2,780,000,000 + 2,541,000,000)
÷ 852,653,061 = 10.72
3 Closing price as at the filing date of United Parcel Service Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= 148.64 ÷ 10.72 = 13.86
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/OP ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level. |
Price to Sales (P/S)
United Parcel Service Inc., historical P/S calculation (quarterly data)
| Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | Jun 30, 2019 | Mar 31, 2019 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 852,653,061 | 851,925,589 | 854,449,889 | 858,886,345 | 858,740,988 | 864,918,158 | 868,668,033 | 873,766,348 | 870,391,403 | 869,142,150 | 871,042,255 | 870,532,608 | 867,038,529 | 864,397,983 | 863,375,484 | 862,176,537 | 858,487,676 | 857,822,686 | 858,704,977 | 860,755,624 | ||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue (in millions) | 24,917) | 21,061) | 22,055) | 22,925) | 27,033) | 24,161) | 24,766) | 24,378) | 27,771) | 23,184) | 23,424) | 22,908) | 24,896) | 21,238) | 20,459) | 18,035) | 20,568) | 18,318) | 18,048) | 17,160) | ||||||
| Sales per share2 | 106.68 | 109.25 | 112.56 | 115.13 | 116.84 | 116.86 | 115.23 | 113.02 | 111.77 | 108.63 | 106.16 | 102.81 | 97.61 | 92.90 | 89.62 | 86.95 | 86.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 148.64 | 139.80 | 180.55 | 175.83 | 178.46 | 164.58 | 193.42 | 183.80 | 208.97 | 210.72 | 192.60 | 214.52 | 161.60 | 159.55 | 144.72 | 94.83 | 106.48 | 116.91 | 119.81 | 106.22 | ||||||
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/S ratio4 | 1.39 | 1.28 | 1.60 | 1.53 | 1.53 | 1.41 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 1.87 | 1.94 | 1.81 | 2.09 | 1.66 | 1.72 | 1.61 | 1.09 | 1.23 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/S Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FedEx Corp. | 0.71 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.87 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Uber Technologies Inc. | 4.53 | 2.86 | 2.74 | 2.26 | 2.16 | 1.98 | 2.47 | 2.46 | 3.90 | 5.95 | 6.34 | 8.09 | 9.07 | 6.57 | 4.42 | 3.98 | 4.00 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | 6.31 | 5.31 | 5.86 | 4.93 | 5.05 | 4.69 | 5.65 | 6.77 | 7.08 | 7.01 | 6.96 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 6.43 | 5.88 | 4.79 | 5.85 | — | — | — | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2023 Calculation
Sales per share
= (RevenueQ4 2023
+ RevenueQ3 2023
+ RevenueQ2 2023
+ RevenueQ1 2023)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (24,917,000,000 + 21,061,000,000 + 22,055,000,000 + 22,925,000,000)
÷ 852,653,061 = 106.68
3 Closing price as at the filing date of United Parcel Service Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= 148.64 ÷ 106.68 = 1.39
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/S ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then slightly increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023. |
Price to Book Value (P/BV)
United Parcel Service Inc., historical P/BV calculation (quarterly data)
| Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | Jun 30, 2019 | Mar 31, 2019 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 852,653,061 | 851,925,589 | 854,449,889 | 858,886,345 | 858,740,988 | 864,918,158 | 868,668,033 | 873,766,348 | 870,391,403 | 869,142,150 | 871,042,255 | 870,532,608 | 867,038,529 | 864,397,983 | 863,375,484 | 862,176,537 | 858,487,676 | 857,822,686 | 858,704,977 | 860,755,624 | ||||||
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity for controlling interests (in millions) | 17,306) | 19,168) | 20,019) | 20,038) | 19,786) | 16,968) | 16,289) | 15,416) | 14,253) | 12,041) | 10,805) | 7,147) | 657) | 5,592) | 4,363) | 3,299) | 3,267) | 5,558) | 4,405) | 3,467) | ||||||
| Book value per share (BVPS)2 | 20.30 | 22.50 | 23.43 | 23.33 | 23.04 | 19.62 | 18.75 | 17.64 | 16.38 | 13.85 | 12.40 | 8.21 | 0.76 | 6.47 | 5.05 | 3.83 | 3.81 | 6.48 | 5.13 | 4.03 | ||||||
| Share price1, 3 | 148.64 | 139.80 | 180.55 | 175.83 | 178.46 | 164.58 | 193.42 | 183.80 | 208.97 | 210.72 | 192.60 | 214.52 | 161.60 | 159.55 | 144.72 | 94.83 | 106.48 | 116.91 | 119.81 | 106.22 | ||||||
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/BV ratio4 | 7.32 | 6.21 | 7.71 | 7.54 | 7.75 | 8.39 | 10.31 | 10.42 | 12.76 | 15.21 | 15.53 | 26.13 | 213.26 | 24.66 | 28.64 | 24.78 | 27.98 | 18.04 | 23.36 | 26.37 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/BV Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FedEx Corp. | 2.45 | 2.07 | 1.72 | 1.60 | 2.27 | 2.41 | 2.53 | 2.75 | 3.26 | 3.18 | 3.68 | 3.19 | 2.35 | 1.32 | 2.28 | 2.49 | 2.49 | 2.38 | 2.50 | 3.51 | ||||||
| Uber Technologies Inc. | 15.02 | 10.98 | 11.08 | 10.20 | 9.36 | 9.20 | 9.47 | 5.91 | 4.71 | 6.34 | 5.73 | 6.42 | 8.24 | 8.85 | 6.04 | 5.01 | 3.99 | 3.17 | 4.28 | — | ||||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | 10.29 | 9.16 | 10.99 | 9.92 | 10.34 | 9.76 | 10.41 | 12.90 | 10.90 | 10.68 | 10.01 | 8.91 | 8.07 | 7.33 | 7.22 | 6.46 | 7.00 | 6.31 | 6.76 | 7.05 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2023 Calculation
BVPS = Equity for controlling interests ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 17,306,000,000 ÷ 852,653,061 = 20.30
3 Closing price as at the filing date of United Parcel Service Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= 148.64 ÷ 20.30 = 7.32
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | United Parcel Service Inc. P/BV ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 not reaching Q2 2023 level. |