Take-Two Interactive Software Inc. (NASDAQ:TTWO)

The period under review demonstrates a significant fluctuation in economic profit. Initially, the company experienced a negative economic profit, which improved substantially before declining again into substantial negative territory. This analysis details the observed trends in net operating profit after taxes, cost of capital, invested capital, and ultimately, economic profit.

Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)

NOPAT increased considerably from 2020 to 2021, indicating improved operational performance. However, NOPAT decreased in 2022 and then experienced substantial negative values in 2023, 2024, and 2025. The magnitude of the negative NOPAT increased each year from 2023 onwards, suggesting worsening operational profitability.

Cost of Capital

The cost of capital remained relatively stable between 2020 and 2022, fluctuating within a narrow range. A decrease was observed in 2023, followed by a slight increase in 2024 and a further increase in 2025. These changes, while present, were less dramatic than those observed in NOPAT.

Invested Capital

Invested capital increased from 2020 to 2022. A substantial increase occurred between 2022 and 2023, followed by a decrease in 2024 and a further decrease in 2025. The level of invested capital in 2025 is lower than in 2022, despite the negative NOPAT.

Economic Profit

Economic profit began as a negative value in 2020, improved significantly to a positive value in 2021, and then became negative again in 2022. From 2022 onwards, economic profit deteriorated rapidly, reaching substantial negative values in 2023, 2024, and 2025. The magnitude of the negative economic profit increased each year, mirroring the trend in NOPAT. The negative economic profit in the later years suggests that the company is destroying value, as its returns are not exceeding its cost of capital.

The substantial decline in NOPAT, coupled with a relatively stable cost of capital and fluctuating invested capital, is the primary driver of the observed trend in economic profit. The increasing negative economic profit from 2023 to 2025 indicates a growing disparity between the company’s operational performance and the returns required by its investors.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income demonstrated notable fluctuations over the six-year period. Initially, the company experienced an increase from $404,459 thousand in 2020 to a peak of $588,886 thousand in 2021. However, in 2022 net income declined to $418,022 thousand. Starting in 2023, the trend reversed sharply into negative territory, with losses of $1,124,700 thousand, which further deepened significantly in 2024 and 2025 to $3,744,200 thousand and $4,478,900 thousand respectively. This indicates a substantial deterioration in profitability during the latter years.

Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)

NOPAT followed a similar pattern as net income, indicating alignment in operating performance and overall profitability. It rose from $331,110 thousand in 2020 to a high of $782,700 thousand in 2021, followed by a decline to $410,045 thousand in 2022. From 2023 onward, NOPAT turned negative and worsened substantially, reaching -$1,240,989 thousand in 2023, then declining further to -$3,779,593 thousand in 2024 and -$4,540,136 thousand in 2025. This reflects not only a reduction in operating efficiency but also an increasing operating loss burden.

Overall Trend and Insights

Both net income and NOPAT reveal a trajectory of initial growth followed by a steep decline culminating in sizeable losses in the recent years. The peak performance year was 2021, after which profitability metrics declined sharply. The progression into negative results and the magnitude of losses in the last three years suggest significant challenges impacting earnings and operating outcomes. The consistent pattern between net income and NOPAT changes indicates that these losses are driven by core operational issues rather than solely one-off or non-operating items. This financial trajectory may warrant further detailed investigation into the underlying causes and the sustainability of the company’s operations.

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

The provision for income taxes shows notable volatility over the periods analyzed. Initially, the provision increased from 53,980 thousand USD in 2020 to a peak of 88,930 thousand USD in 2021, followed by a significant decrease to 47,376 thousand USD in 2022. A marked shift occurs in 2023, with a sizable negative provision of -213,400 thousand USD, indicating a benefit rather than a charge. This is followed by a reversal back to a positive provision, 41,400 thousand USD in 2024, and a slight reduction to -12,400 thousand USD in 2025, suggesting fluctuations in taxable income or tax strategies impacting the provision.

Cash operating taxes

Cash operating taxes exhibited an increasing trend up to 2021, growing from 32,663 thousand USD in 2020 to 51,128 thousand USD in 2021. Subsequently, a decrease is observed in 2022 to 37,943 thousand USD. However, a substantial surge occurs in 2023, with cash taxes rising to 195,321 thousand USD, sustaining elevated levels in the following years with 163,663 thousand USD in 2024 and 145,564 thousand USD in 2025. This pattern suggests increased cash tax payments possibly driven by growing taxable income or changes in tax regulations or payments timing.

Total reported debt & leases

The total reported debt and leases exhibit a significant upward trend over the analyzed periods. Starting at approximately 177 million USD in 2020, this figure increased gradually to about 250 million USD by 2022. Thereafter, a pronounced surge is observed, with the amount rising sharply to around 3.49 billion USD in 2023 and continuing to escalate to over 4.1 billion USD by 2025. This dramatic increase indicates a substantial expansion in the company's leverage and long-term commitments during the latter years.

Stockholders’ equity

Stockholders' equity shows a rising trend from 2020 through 2023, increasing from approximately 2.54 billion USD to a peak of about 9.04 billion USD. However, this peak is followed by a marked decline in the subsequent years, with equity falling to roughly 5.67 billion USD in 2024 and further decreasing to approximately 2.14 billion USD by 2025. This volatility suggests significant fluctuations in retained earnings, asset revaluations, or capital changes occurring within this period.

Invested capital

Invested capital demonstrates growth from 2020 to 2023, rising from near 2.83 billion USD to a high of about 14.06 billion USD. After this peak, invested capital decreases notably to around 7.7 billion USD by 2025. The substantial rise and subsequent decline reflect notable changes in the company's total capital employed in operations, likely influenced by the patterns observed in both debt levels and equity.

The economic spread ratio exhibits a markedly declining trend over the observed period. Initially positive, the ratio transitions to significantly negative values, indicating a worsening of economic value creation relative to invested capital.

Economic Spread Ratio Trend

In the period ending March 31, 2020, the economic spread ratio stood at -2.42%. A substantial improvement is noted through March 31, 2021, with the ratio reaching 11.08%. However, this positive performance proved short-lived, as the ratio decreased to -4.25% by March 31, 2022. Subsequent years demonstrate a consistent and accelerating decline, reaching -21.63% in 2023, -48.19% in 2024, and culminating in -72.25% by March 31, 2025. This pattern suggests a growing disparity between returns generated and the cost of capital employed.

The economic spread ratio’s movement correlates with changes in economic profit and invested capital. While economic profit fluctuated, the substantial increase in invested capital, particularly from 2022 onwards, appears to be a key driver of the declining economic spread ratio. The ratio’s negative trajectory suggests that the returns generated from the increasing capital base are insufficient to cover the cost of that capital.

Relationship to Economic Profit

The economic spread ratio reflects the relationship between economic profit and invested capital. The initial negative economic profit in 2020 contributed to the negative spread ratio. The positive economic profit in 2021 drove the ratio into positive territory. However, the subsequent and substantial declines in economic profit, coupled with rising invested capital, resulted in increasingly negative spread ratios in the later years.

Impact of Invested Capital

Invested capital increased steadily from 2020 to 2023, with a significant jump in 2023. While invested capital decreased in 2024 and 2025, it remained substantially higher than in earlier periods. This increase in capital employed, without a corresponding increase in economic profit, directly contributed to the deterioration of the economic spread ratio. The magnitude of the decline in the ratio from 2023 to 2025 suggests that the returns on the expanded capital base are significantly lower than the cost of capital.

The consistently worsening economic spread ratio indicates a diminishing ability to generate returns exceeding the cost of capital. This trend warrants further investigation to understand the underlying causes and potential mitigation strategies.

The economic profit margin demonstrates a highly volatile pattern over the observed period. Initially, a substantial improvement is noted, followed by a significant and sustained decline.

Economic Profit Margin Trend

In fiscal year 2020, the economic profit margin stood at -2.25%. A marked positive shift occurred in fiscal year 2021, with the margin increasing to 9.73%. However, this improvement was short-lived. The margin decreased to -5.12% in fiscal year 2022 and experienced a dramatic deterioration in subsequent years, reaching -55.02% in fiscal year 2023. This negative trend continued, with the margin declining further to -96.85% in fiscal year 2024 and -98.65% in fiscal year 2025.

The economic profit margin’s trajectory closely mirrors the fluctuations in economic profit. The positive margin in 2021 corresponds with the highest reported economic profit during the period. Conversely, the increasingly negative margins in the later years align with the substantial declines in economic profit, culminating in significant losses by fiscal year 2025.

Relationship to Adjusted Net Revenue

While adjusted net revenue generally increased over the period, from US$3,030,733 thousand in 2020 to US$5,640,100 thousand in 2025, this revenue growth did not translate into improved economic profitability. The widening gap between revenue and economic profit, as reflected in the increasingly negative margin, suggests that the cost of capital and/or operational expenses are growing at a faster rate than revenue.

The substantial deterioration in the economic profit margin from 2022 onwards warrants further investigation. The consistent negative trend indicates a growing inability to generate returns exceeding the cost of capital, potentially signaling underlying issues with profitability or capital allocation.