Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Common Stock Valuation Ratios
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Enterprise Value to FCFF (EV/FCFF)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
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Economic Profit
Comcast Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibited a fluctuating trend over the observed periods. After an increase from 14,617 million USD in 2020 to 19,205 million USD in 2021, it sharply declined to 6,839 million USD in 2022. Subsequently, NOPAT recovered substantially to 16,517 million USD in 2023 and continued to rise, reaching 18,803 million USD in 2024, though still slightly below the 2021 peak.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital maintained relative stability, ranging from approximately 10.75% to 10.97% from 2020 through 2023. In 2024, there was a notable decline to 9.99%, indicating a decreased capital expense burden relative to previous years.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a modest downward trend initially, decreasing from 224,149 million USD in 2020 to 213,605 million USD in 2022, followed by a slight stabilization and small increase to 215,148 million USD by 2024. This indicates a cautious approach to capital deployment or asset base adjustment during these periods.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit was negative throughout all periods, signaling the company incurred returns below its cost of capital. Losses narrowed from -9,487 million USD in 2020 to -5,945 million USD in 2021, then worsened substantially to -16,231 million USD in 2022. Thereafter, economic profit losses decreased again to -2,696 million USD by 2024, reflecting improvements but ongoing challenges in generating value above the cost of capital.
- Summary
- The company experienced volatile operational profitability with a significant dip in 2022 followed by strong recovery in subsequent years. The cost of capital remained relatively stable with a favorable decrease in 2024. Invested capital was gradually reduced then stabilized, suggesting a possible strategy to optimize capital usage. Despite improvements, economic profit remained negative, though the reduction in losses toward 2024 points to progress in aligning returns more closely with capital costs. Continued focus on enhancing profitability and capital efficiency will be necessary to achieve positive economic profit.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Comcast Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for credit losses.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Comcast Corporation.
5 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Comcast Corporation.
The financial data reveals notable fluctuations and a generally positive trend in profitability over the five-year period.
- Net Income Attributable to Comcast Corporation
- The net income increased significantly from 10,534 million US dollars in 2020 to 14,159 million US dollars in 2021, indicating a strong growth phase. However, there was a sharp decline in 2022 to 5,370 million US dollars, representing a substantial decrease from the previous year. This drop was followed by a robust recovery in 2023, with net income rising to 15,388 million US dollars, surpassing earlier levels. The upward trend continued in 2024 with net income further increasing to 16,192 million US dollars, reaching the highest point in the five-year span.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibited a similar pattern to net income. It increased from 14,617 million US dollars in 2020 to 19,205 million US dollars in 2021, reflecting improved operational profitability. In 2022, NOPAT dropped sharply to 6,839 million US dollars, mirroring the decline seen in net income. Following the decline, NOPAT rose again to 16,517 million US dollars in 2023, nearly returning to its previous peak. This increase continued into 2024, reaching 18,803 million US dollars, indicating strengthened operational efficiency and profitability.
Overall, the data shows a period of growth through 2021, followed by a significant contraction in 2022. The company demonstrated resilience with a strong recovery in 2023 and further improvement in 2024. Both net income and NOPAT followed consistent trends, suggesting that the fluctuations in net income were largely driven by changes in operational performance. The recovery and subsequent growth imply effective management responses to the downturn experienced in 2022.
Cash Operating Taxes
Comcast Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
The financial data over the five-year period reveals fluctuations in both income tax expense and cash operating taxes. Income tax expense exhibited a rising trend from 2020 through 2021, increasing significantly from 3,364 million USD to 5,259 million USD. In 2022, there was a decline to 4,359 million USD, followed by a rebound to 5,371 million USD in 2023. The most recent figure for 2024 shows a pronounced reduction to 2,796 million USD, representing the lowest value in the five-year span.
Cash operating taxes present a less consistent pattern. There was an initial decrease from 4,911 million USD in 2020 to 4,326 million USD in 2021. However, this was followed by a sharp increase in 2022 to 6,068 million USD, and a further substantial rise in 2023, reaching 9,025 million USD. In 2024, cash operating taxes dropped significantly to 4,622 million USD, nearing the levels observed at the start of the period.
- Income Tax Expense Trends
- Overall, income tax expenses experienced volatility with peaks in 2021 and 2023, and a notable trough in 2024, indicating possible changes in taxable income, tax rates, or deductions impacting the tax burden.
- Cash Operating Taxes Trends
- The pattern suggests variability with a dip in 2021, followed by two consecutive years of sharp increases and a steep decline in 2024. This could reflect fluctuations in operating profits, changes in tax regulations, or timing differences in tax payments.
- Comparative Insights
- Both tax-related measures show significant increases in 2023 followed by reductions in 2024, possibly indicating strategic tax planning or extraordinary items affecting tax calculations in those years. The divergence in 2022 and 2023, where cash operating taxes increased sharply yet income tax expense moved relatively moderately, might point to differences between tax liability and cash tax payments during the periods.
Invested Capital
Comcast Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to total Comcast Corporation shareholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of construction in process.
8 Subtraction of marketable equity securities.
The financial data presents trends across a five-year period from 2020 to 2024 for key balance sheet items related to debt, equity, and invested capital.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases showed a decreasing trend from 2020 to 2022, falling from 108,218 million US dollars to 101,593 million US dollars. However, from 2022 onwards, there was a gradual increase, reaching 105,413 million US dollars by the end of 2024. This indicates some degree of deleveraging followed by a moderate uptrend in debt levels, suggesting a cautious approach to leverage after a period of reduction.
- Total Comcast Corporation shareholders’ equity
- Shareholders’ equity increased from 90,323 million US dollars in 2020 to a peak of 96,092 million US dollars in 2021. Following this peak, there was a sharp decline to 80,943 million US dollars in 2022. Equity subsequently experienced a mild recovery, increasing to 85,560 million US dollars by 2024. This pattern suggests significant changes in retained earnings or other comprehensive income components during 2022, possibly reflecting impactful operational results or adjustments, with partial restoration of equity in later years.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital increased slightly from 224,149 million US dollars in 2020 to 229,233 million US dollars in 2021, then declined steadily to 213,605 million US dollars in 2022 and further to 211,709 million US dollars in 2023. A slight recovery was observed in 2024, with invested capital increasing to 215,148 million US dollars. The overall trend points to a cautious reduction in invested capital post-2021, with a minor resurgence in the most recent year.
In summary, the period is characterized by an initial improvement in equity and invested capital until 2021, followed by a notable decrease in equity and invested capital in 2022, coinciding with the lowest debt level in the analyzed timeframe. The subsequent years show moderate recovery in equity and invested capital alongside a gradual increase in debt levels, indicating strategic adjustments in financial structure after a phase of deleveraging and equity decline.
Cost of Capital
Comcast Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Comcast Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Alphabet Inc. | ||||||
| Meta Platforms Inc. | ||||||
| Netflix Inc. | ||||||
| Trade Desk Inc. | ||||||
| Walt Disney Co. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit exhibits substantial fluctuations over the observed period. It starts with a significant negative value of -9,487 million US dollars at the end of 2020, improves to -5,945 million US dollars by the end of 2021, then deteriorates sharply to -16,231 million US dollars in 2022. Subsequently, it improves again to -6,636 million US dollars in 2023 and further to -2,696 million US dollars by the end of 2024. Despite these improvements, the economic profit remains negative in all years, indicating consistent economic losses across the entire period.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital demonstrates moderate variations. It increases slightly from 224,149 million US dollars in 2020 to a peak of 229,233 million US dollars in 2021. Afterwards, it decreases to 213,605 million US dollars in 2022 and remains relatively stable with minor fluctuations to 211,709 million US dollars in 2023 and 215,148 million US dollars in 2024. This suggests some reduction and stabilization in invested capital after 2021.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio remains negative throughout the entire period, reflecting that the returns on invested capital are consistently below the cost of capital. Initially, it stands at -4.23% in 2020, improving to -2.59% in 2021, then worsening markedly to -7.6% in 2022. This is followed by an improvement to -3.13% in 2023 and further narrowing to -1.25% in 2024. Although trends suggest improvement after 2022, the negative values indicate continued challenges in generating value above the capital cost.
- Summary
- Overall, the data reveal persistent negative economic profit and economic spread ratios across the five-year span, indicating ongoing economic losses and returns insufficient to cover capital costs. Despite these challenges, both economic profit and spread ratio show signs of recovery after a pronounced downturn in 2022. Invested capital peaks in 2021, followed by a decline and stabilization, which may reflect strategic adjustments. The pattern suggests the company is managing to improve economic efficiency post-2022 but has not yet achieved positive economic profitability.
Economic Profit Margin
Comcast Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenue | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted revenue | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Alphabet Inc. | ||||||
| Meta Platforms Inc. | ||||||
| Netflix Inc. | ||||||
| Trade Desk Inc. | ||||||
| Walt Disney Co. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- There is a fluctuating but overall improving trend in economic profit over the five-year period. The company reported a significant economic loss in 2020 at -9,487 million USD, which improved to -5,945 million USD in 2021. However, in 2022, the economic loss worsened sharply to -16,231 million USD, representing the lowest point in the period. Subsequent years show recovery, with losses diminishing to -6,636 million USD in 2023 and further to -2,696 million USD in 2024.
- Adjusted Revenue
- Adjusted revenue exhibits steady and consistent growth throughout the analyzed period. Beginning at 103,891 million USD in 2020, revenue increased each year, reaching 124,043 million USD by the end of 2024. This represents a compound upward trend indicating ongoing sales or operational scale improvements.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin mirrors the pattern observed in economic profit, remaining negative throughout the period but showing signs of gradual improvement overall. Starting at -9.13% in 2020, the margin improved to -5.11% in 2021. In 2022, it deteriorated markedly to -13.44%, after which gradual recovery occurred, improving to -5.43% in 2023, and further narrowing the loss margin to -2.17% in 2024.
- Summary of Trends
- The company experienced significant economic losses over the period but has shown a positive trajectory toward reducing these losses since the peak negative point in 2022. Adjusted revenue growth has been consistent and steady, suggesting strong operational performance despite persistent economic profit challenges. The improvement in economic profit margin suggests efficiency or cost management improvements contributing to narrowing losses. Continuing focus on these areas may enable the company to move toward positive economic profitability in the future.