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Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company’s debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
UnitedHealth Group Inc., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Anthem Inc. | ||||||
| Becton, Dickinson & Co. | ||||||
| Boston Scientific Corp. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| CVS Health Corp. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Edwards Lifesciences Corp. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| Stryker Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-01), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | UnitedHealth Group Inc.’s ROIC improved from 2018 to 2019 but then slightly deteriorated from 2019 to 2020. |
Decomposition of ROIC
UnitedHealth Group Inc., decomposition of ROIC
| ROIC | = | OPM1 | × | TO2 | × | 1 – CTR3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dec 31, 2020 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2019 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2018 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2017 | = | × | × | ||||
| Dec 31, 2016 | = | × | × |
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-01), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the decrease in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2020 year is the decrease in efficiency measured by turnover of capital (TO) ratio.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
UnitedHealth Group Inc., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | ||||||
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenues | ||||||
| Adjusted revenues | ||||||
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Anthem Inc. | ||||||
| Becton, Dickinson & Co. | ||||||
| Boston Scientific Corp. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| CVS Health Corp. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Edwards Lifesciences Corp. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| Stryker Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-01), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | UnitedHealth Group Inc.’s OPM improved from 2018 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2020. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
UnitedHealth Group Inc., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenues | ||||||
| Adjusted revenues | ||||||
| Invested capital1 | ||||||
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Anthem Inc. | ||||||
| Becton, Dickinson & Co. | ||||||
| Boston Scientific Corp. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| CVS Health Corp. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Edwards Lifesciences Corp. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| Stryker Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-01), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2020 Calculation
TO = Adjusted revenues ÷ Invested capital
= ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | UnitedHealth Group Inc.’s TO deteriorated from 2018 to 2019 and from 2019 to 2020. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
UnitedHealth Group Inc., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | ||||||
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | ||||||
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Anthem Inc. | ||||||
| Becton, Dickinson & Co. | ||||||
| Boston Scientific Corp. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| CVS Health Corp. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Edwards Lifesciences Corp. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| Stryker Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2021-03-01), 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-08).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2020 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | UnitedHealth Group Inc.’s CTR decreased from 2018 to 2019 but then increased from 2019 to 2020 exceeding 2018 level. |