Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Marathon Petroleum Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Net Profit Margin since 2011
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2011
- Debt to Equity since 2011
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2011
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Marathon Petroleum Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2023 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The financial data reveals several noteworthy trends over the five-year period from 2019 to 2023. Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibits substantial volatility. It starts at a positive value in 2019, turns markedly negative in 2020, then recovers to positive levels in the following years, peaking in 2022 before declining somewhat in 2023. This pattern indicates a period of significant operational challenges followed by recovery, although performance in 2023 suggests some moderation in profitability relative to the 2022 peak.
Cost of capital shows a consistent upward trajectory throughout the period, rising steadily from 11.58% in 2019 to nearly 15% by the end of 2023. This increase reflects a growing cost burden associated with financing the company's operations and investments, which can impact investment decisions and valuation.
Invested capital trends downward overall, decreasing from over 82 billion US dollars in 2019 to approximately 64 billion US dollars in 2023, with some fluctuation in between. The reduction in invested capital may suggest divestitures, asset sales, or a strategic move towards leaner capital utilization.
Economic profit, defined as the difference between net operating profit and the cost of capital applied to invested capital, mirrors the volatility seen in NOPAT. It is negative in the initial years, reaching its lowest point in 2020 amid the negative NOPAT. There is a strong rebound in 2022, resulting in a positive economic profit that signals value creation for shareholders during that year. However, economic profit declines again in 2023, although it remains positive, indicating sustained but reduced creation of economic value.
Overall, the company experienced a significant operational and profitability setback around 2020, likely influenced by external factors, followed by a recovery phase with enhanced performance in 2021 and 2022. The rising cost of capital poses a strategic challenge, necessitating efficient capital management. The downward trend in invested capital could be a response to these costs or a shift in strategic focus. Despite fluctuations, the positive economic profit in the later periods indicates a return to generating returns above the cost of capital.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Marathon Petroleum Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring reserve.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to MPC.
6 2023 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
7 2023 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, net of interest capitalized = Adjusted interest expense, net of interest capitalized × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to MPC.
9 2023 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
10 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
11 Elimination of discontinued operations.
The analyzed financial data reveals significant fluctuations in key profitability indicators over the five-year period ending December 31, 2023.
- Net Income (Loss) Attributable to MPC
- Net income exhibited pronounced volatility. The figure fell from a positive $2,637 million in 2019 to a substantial loss of $9,826 million in 2020, indicating a severe downturn, likely driven by adverse market or operational factors during that year. Recovery occurred in 2021 with net income rising sharply to $9,738 million, surpassing the 2019 level. This upward momentum continued into 2022, reaching a peak of $14,516 million, followed by a decline in 2023 to $9,681 million. Overall, the net income reflected substantial cyclical variation, with a drastic loss followed by strong recovery and subsequent moderation.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT mirrored the pattern shown by net income, experiencing a significant negative shift in 2020 where it dropped to -$10,978 million from $6,182 million in 2019. The following years saw a robust recovery with NOPAT increasing to $6,187 million in 2021, nearly returning to the 2019 level, and then peaking at $17,951 million in 2022, which notably exceeded prior peaks in both net income and NOPAT. In 2023, NOPAT decreased to $10,783 million, indicating a moderation but remaining well above pre-2020 levels.
These trends suggest that the company was affected by a significant adverse event or market condition in 2020 leading to large losses and negative operating profit. However, the subsequent two years showed a robust rebound and profitability expansion beyond pre-2020 figures, implying possible operational improvements or favorable market conditions. The slight decline in both net income and NOPAT in 2023 could indicate some normalization or emerging challenges following exceptional performance in 2022.
Cash Operating Taxes
Marathon Petroleum Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
- Income Tax Provision (Benefit)
- The income tax provision experienced significant volatility over the analyzed period. It started with a positive provision of 1,074 million USD at the end of 2019, followed by a substantial tax benefit of -2,430 million USD in 2020, indicating a reversal or tax credit situation. In 2021, the provision reverted to a modest positive value of 264 million USD. A notable increase occurred in 2022, reaching 4,491 million USD, before declining to 2,817 million USD at the end of 2023. This pattern suggests considerable fluctuations in taxable income or tax planning strategies leading to large swings in tax expense provisions.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes mirrored the overall trend of the income tax provision but with more pronounced changes. The 2019 figure stood at 324 million USD, then sharply decreased to a cash inflow (negative tax payment) of -1,899 million USD in 2020, reflecting adjustments or refunds. In 2021, cash taxes surged to 705 million USD, climbed dramatically to 4,421 million USD in 2022—the peak value in the period—and subsequently dropped to 3,010 million USD in 2023. These fluctuations align with variations in operational profitability and tax settlement timings, indicating an erratic but generally increasing cash tax burden post-2020.
Invested Capital
Marathon Petroleum Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »
5 Addition of restructuring reserve.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to total MPC stockholders’ equity.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of short-term investments.
The financial data reveals several key trends in the capital structure and investment base over the five-year period ending in 2023.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases experienced some fluctuations. Initially, it increased from 31,317 million USD in 2019 to a peak of 33,095 million USD in 2020. This was followed by a notable decline in 2021 to 26,904 million USD. Subsequently, a moderate rise occurred over the next two years, reaching 28,501 million USD in 2023. Overall, the debt levels show some volatility but remained below the 2019 level by the end of 2023.
- Total MPC stockholders’ equity
- Stockholders’ equity showed a declining trend over the period. Starting at 33,694 million USD in 2019, equity sharply decreased to 22,199 million USD in 2020. Although it buoyantly recovered to 26,206 million USD in 2021 and further increased to 27,715 million USD in 2022, equity declined again to 24,404 million USD in 2023. Despite recovery attempts, equity in 2023 remained significantly below the 2019 level, indicating possible challenges affecting retained earnings or other components of equity.
- Invested capital
- The invested capital consistently trended downward from 82,004 million USD in 2019 to 63,897 million USD in 2023, with intermediate fluctuations. It dropped to 70,186 million USD in 2020 and further to 63,579 million USD in 2021. A recovery occurred in 2022, reaching 69,547 million USD, followed by a decline again to 63,897 million USD in 2023. This pattern suggests variability in capital investment levels or changes in capital employed over the timeframe.
In summary, the data indicates that the company experienced a general reduction in invested capital and equity levels over the five years, paired with fluctuating debt levels that ultimately ended slightly below the initial value. The changes in equity and invested capital might reflect operational or strategic adjustments impacting the capital structure.
Cost of Capital
Marathon Petroleum Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Marathon Petroleum Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Chevron Corp. | ||||||
| ConocoPhillips | ||||||
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit exhibited significant fluctuations over the five-year period. Initially, there was a substantial loss of $3,311 million in 2019, which deepened dramatically to a loss of $19,143 million in 2020. This was followed by a partial recovery in 2021, with the loss narrowing to $2,185 million. Notably, the company turned profitable in 2022, registering an economic profit of $7,598 million, before experiencing a decline to $1,211 million in 2023. This trend indicates periods of considerable challenges, particularly in 2020, with a subsequent recovery and then a minor decrease in profitability.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital trend demonstrated a general decline over the period. Starting at $82,004 million in 2019, invested capital decreased to $70,186 million in 2020 and further down to $63,579 million in 2021. There was a slight rebound to $69,547 million in 2022, followed by another decrease to $63,897 million in 2023. This pattern suggests a gradual reduction in the capital base employed by the company, with a brief increase in 2022.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio followed a trend consistent with economic profit, reflecting profitability relative to invested capital. Negative values were observed from 2019 through 2021, with the most pronounced negative spread in 2020 at -27.27%. The spread turned positive in 2022, reaching 10.92%, before declining to 1.9% in 2023. This indicates that the company faced negative returns on its invested capital for the first three years but achieved positive returns in the subsequent years, albeit with reduced return in 2023 compared to 2022.
- Summary
- Overall, the financial indicators reveal that the company experienced significant operational and economic challenges during 2020, as evidenced by the sharp decline in economic profit and economic spread ratio alongside reduced invested capital. Recovery efforts seem to have been effective in 2022, with positive economic profit and return on invested capital, although the 2023 figures suggest some erosion in these improvements. The variability in invested capital suggests possible strategic adjustments or asset reallocation during the period under review.
Economic Profit Margin
Marathon Petroleum Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Chevron Corp. | ||||||
| ConocoPhillips | ||||||
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Sales and other operating revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit Trend
- The economic profit experienced significant fluctuations over the five-year period. It began at a negative value of -$3,311 million in 2019 and sharply declined to -$19,143 million in 2020, indicating substantial losses. This was followed by a recovery in 2021, where the economic profit improved considerably to -$2,185 million. In 2022, the company reported a positive economic profit of $7,598 million, showcasing a notable turnaround. However, in 2023, the economic profit decreased again to $1,211 million, though it remained positive.
- Sales and Other Operating Revenues
- Sales and other operating revenues exhibited variability during the period. Revenues decreased from $123,949 million in 2019 to $69,779 million in 2020, reflecting a significant decline. In 2021, there was a strong rebound to $119,983 million, followed by further growth to $177,453 million in 2022. However, revenues declined again to $148,379 million in 2023, indicating some volatility but remaining above the levels seen in 2019 and 2020.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin mirrored the pattern observed in economic profit. It was negative in 2019 at -2.67% and worsened markedly in 2020, reaching -27.43%. The margin then showed recovery in 2021 to -1.82%, improving significantly to 4.28% in 2022, which corresponds to a positive economic profit. In 2023, the margin declined to 0.82%, still positive but indicating reduced profitability compared to the previous year.
- Overall Insights
- The company faced considerable challenges in 2020, as evidenced by sharp declines in both economic profit and revenues. The subsequent years saw a recovery phase, with economic profit turning positive in 2022 and staying positive in 2023, albeit at a lower level. Revenues followed a similar trajectory, with a bounce-back after 2020 but with some year-to-year volatility. The economic profit margin's return to positive territory highlights improved operational efficiency or profitability during the recovery period, though the downward trend in 2023 suggests continued sensitivity to market or operational factors.