Analysis of Geographic Areas
LyondellBasell Industries N.V. operates in 7 regions: United States; Germany; Mexico; Italy; France; The Netherlands; and Other.
Paying user area
Try for free
LyondellBasell Industries N.V. pages available for free this week:
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Operating Profit Margin since 2011
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2011
- Debt to Equity since 2011
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2011
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2011
- Analysis of Revenues
The data is hidden behind: . Unhide it.
Get full access to the entire website from $10.42/mo, or
get 1-month access to LyondellBasell Industries N.V. for $22.49.
This is a one-time payment. There is no automatic renewal.
We accept:
Area Asset Turnover
LyondellBasell Industries N.V., asset turnover by geographic area
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | |||||
| Germany | |||||
| Mexico | |||||
| Italy | |||||
| France | |||||
| The Netherlands | |||||
| Other |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
- United States
- The asset turnover ratio in the United States showed a declining trend from 3.54 in 2014 to 1.7 in 2016, followed by a slight recovery to 1.9 in 2017 and a minor decrease to 1.8 in 2018. Overall, this indicates a significant drop in efficiency over the five-year period with some stabilization in the latter years.
- Germany
- The asset turnover ratio in Germany consistently decreased from 2.8 in 2014 to 1.94 by 2016 and then remained relatively stable through 2018, showing a marginal decrease to 1.93. This suggests a decline in asset utilization initially, followed by a period of steady performance at a lower level.
- Mexico
- Mexico’s asset turnover ratio started high at 8.45 in 2014, declined to 5.86 in 2016, then increased significantly to 7.6 in 2017 and further to 9.09 in 2018. This indicates strong and improving asset utilization efficiency in Mexico, with a temporary drop that reversed sharply in the last two years.
- Italy
- The ratio for Italy remained relatively stable, fluctuating slightly around 4.0, from 4.04 in 2014 to a low of 3.89 in 2016, and then increasing to 4.61 in 2018. This pattern reflects consistent asset turnover with a moderate improvement in the final year.
- France
- France exhibited a downward trend from 3.18 in 2014 to 1.99 in 2016, followed by a recovery to 2.58 in 2018. This suggests an initial reduction in asset efficiency with subsequent gradual improvement, although it did not return to the 2014 level.
- The Netherlands
- The asset turnover ratio in the Netherlands continuously decreased from 1.7 in 2014 to 1.11 in 2016, with a slight increase to 1.39 by 2018. The trend shows declining efficiency with minor recovery towards the end of the period.
- Other Regions
- The category labeled "Other" shows a decline from 7.48 in 2014 to 5.82 in 2016, then a modest increase to 6.35 in 2018. This indicates a general weakening in asset turnover initially, with some recovery but without regaining the original peak value.
Area Asset Turnover: United States
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; United States; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
- Sales and Other Operating Revenues
- The sales and other operating revenues demonstrate a fluctuating trend over the five-year period. Starting at US$23,574 million at the end of 2014, there is a notable decline to US$16,101 million in 2015, and a further decrease to US$13,962 million by the end of 2016. Subsequently, revenues show recovery, rising to US$16,618 million in 2017 and continuing upward to US$18,671 million in 2018. The initial sharp decline followed by a gradual recovery suggests a period of contraction followed by stabilization and growth in the later years.
- Long-Lived Assets
- Long-lived assets exhibit a consistent upward trend throughout the period. Beginning at US$6,657 million in 2014, the value increases steadily each year, reaching US$7,087 million in 2015, US$8,230 million in 2016, US$8,761 million in 2017, and culminating at US$10,346 million in 2018. This continuous growth in asset base indicates ongoing investments or acquisitions in long-term productive capacity or infrastructure.
- Area Asset Turnover
- The area asset turnover ratio shows a declining trend overall, starting at a high of 3.54 in 2014 and dropping significantly to 2.27 in 2015, followed by a further decrease to 1.7 in 2016. There is a modest recovery to 1.9 in 2017, but the ratio slightly declines again to 1.8 in 2018. Despite the rebound in later years, the ratio remains substantially lower than in 2014, indicating reduced efficiency in generating sales revenue from area assets over time. This decrease suggests that the incremental investments in long-lived assets have not proportionally translated into higher sales derived per unit of asset area.
Area Asset Turnover: Germany
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; Germany; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
- Sales and other operating revenues
- The sales and other operating revenues exhibit a declining trend from 2014 through 2016, with values decreasing significantly from 4,231 million US dollars in 2014 to 2,474 million US dollars in 2016. Following this period, there is a gradual recovery observed, with revenues rising to 2,746 million US dollars in 2017 and further to 2,949 million US dollars in 2018. Despite the partial rebound, the revenues in 2018 remain below the peak level observed in 2014.
- Long-lived assets
- Long-lived assets show a general downward trend from 2014 to 2016, with the value decreasing from 1,513 million US dollars to 1,276 million US dollars. However, starting in 2017, the figure shows an upward trajectory again, increasing to 1,417 million US dollars and reaching 1,527 million US dollars in 2018. By the end of the period analyzed, the long-lived assets slightly exceed the amount reported in 2014, indicating reinvestment or asset growth.
- Area asset turnover
- Area asset turnover experiences a pronounced decline from 2014 through 2016, dropping from 2.8 to 1.94. The ratio remains stable between 2016 and 2017 at 1.94 and then decreases marginally to 1.93 in 2018. This trend suggests a decreasing efficiency in generating sales from the assets employed in the geographic area over the period, stabilizing in the latter years but not recovering to the initial higher level.
Area Asset Turnover: Mexico
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; Mexico; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
- Sales and other operating revenues
- The sales and other operating revenues exhibit a fluctuating yet overall increasing trend over the five-year period. Starting at 1,361 million US dollars in 2014, revenues declined to 951 million in 2015, marking a significant decrease. However, from 2016 onwards, there was a consistent upward movement, with revenues rising to 1,026 million in 2016, 1,504 million in 2017, and peaking at 2,308 million in 2018. This pattern indicates a recovery followed by substantial growth in the last two years.
- Long-lived assets
- Long-lived assets also show a gradual increasing trend. The assets were valued at 161 million US dollars in 2014, decreased slightly to 153 million in 2015, then steadily increased in subsequent years to 175 million in 2016, 198 million in 2017, and reaching 254 million in 2018. This trend reflects an ongoing investment or accumulation of long-term assets over the period, particularly noticeable from 2016 onwards.
- Area asset turnover
- The area asset turnover ratio demonstrates variability but an overall positive trend. It started high at 8.45 in 2014, declined over the next two years to 6.22 in 2015 and 5.86 in 2016, indicating reduced efficiency in generating revenues from assets during those years. However, there was a recovery in 2017, with the ratio increasing to 7.6, and a further improvement in 2018 to 9.09. The increase in asset turnover in later years suggests improved efficiency and utilization of assets to generate sales.
- Summary
- Overall, the data reflect an initial period of decline in both sales and asset efficiency around 2015 and 2016, followed by a recovery and strong growth phase through 2017 and 2018. The increase in long-lived assets over time, combined with a higher area asset turnover ratio in recent years, suggests enhanced asset utilization supporting revenue growth in the Mexico geographic area.
Area Asset Turnover: Italy
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; Italy; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
- Sales and other operating revenues
- The data shows fluctuation in sales and other operating revenues over the five-year period. Starting at 1,617 million US dollars in 2014, revenues declined to 1,349 million in 2015 and further decreased to 1,203 million in 2016. A recovery phase followed, with revenues rising to 1,352 million in 2017 and increasing more significantly to 1,582 million by 2018. Overall, the trend indicates a dip in the middle years with a subsequent rebound toward the end of the period.
- Long-lived assets
- Long-lived assets demonstrate a decreasing trend from 2014 through 2016, starting at 400 million US dollars and declining to 309 million in 2016. Following this period, there is a modest recovery to 329 million in 2017 and further to 343 million in 2018. Despite this partial recovery, the asset base in 2018 remains below the levels observed in 2014.
- Area asset turnover
- The area asset turnover ratio remains relatively stable but shows moderate variability over the timeframe. Beginning at 4.04 in 2014, it experiences a slight increase to 4.08 in 2015, a decline to 3.89 in 2016, then rebounds to 4.11 in 2017 and rises more substantially to 4.61 in 2018. This indicates an improvement in the efficiency of asset utilization in generating sales by the end of the period.
- Summary of trends
- The period observed reflects an initial downward movement in sales and asset levels through 2016, followed by a recovery in both revenues and assets. The asset turnover ratio, which measures efficiency, complements this pattern by initially declining but ultimately improving significantly in 2018. These observations suggest that after a period of contraction or reduced performance, operational efficiency and revenue generation in the area improved by the end of the analyzed timeframe.
Area Asset Turnover: France
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; France; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
The data for the France geographic area reveals several notable trends over the period from 2014 to 2018 in terms of sales, asset base, and asset utilization.
- Sales and Other Operating Revenues
- Sales demonstrate a declining trend from 2014 to 2016, with revenues decreasing from $1,591 million in 2014 to $1,055 million in 2016. Following this decline, sales levels show a recovery starting in 2017 and continuing into 2018, reaching $1,460 million, nearly returning to the 2014 levels. This pattern indicates a period of contraction for two years, followed by growth in the subsequent years.
- Long-Lived Assets
- The value of long-lived assets shows a relatively stable to slightly increasing pattern over the five-year period. Starting at $501 million in 2014, the asset base slightly decreased to $485 million in 2015 but then consistently increased each year up to $565 million by 2018. This indicates ongoing investment or expansion in long-term assets despite fluctuations in sales during part of the period.
- Area Asset Turnover
- The area asset turnover ratio, which measures the efficiency of asset utilization in generating revenues, follows a declining trend from 3.18 in 2014 to a low of 1.99 in 2016. This decline mirrors the decline in sales over the same period. After 2016, the ratio improves, rising to 2.58 in 2018. This improvement suggests a more efficient use of assets consistent with the rebound in sales.
Overall, the data shows a period of declining sales and asset efficiency from 2014 to 2016, accompanied by stability in the asset base. This period was followed by recovery in sales and improvement in asset turnover from 2017 onwards, supported by a modest increase in long-lived assets. The trends suggest that after an initial contraction phase, operational performance and utilization of assets experienced a positive turnaround.
Area Asset Turnover: The Netherlands
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; The Netherlands; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
- Sales and other operating revenues
- The sales and other operating revenues exhibited a general decline from 2014 through 2016, dropping from 1206 million USD in 2014 to 727 million USD in 2016. However, this downward trend reversed in the following years, with revenues rising to 1069 million USD in 2017 and stabilizing near that level at 1050 million USD in 2018. This pattern indicates a recovery phase after a significant reduction over the initial three-year period.
- Long-lived assets
- Long-lived assets showed a gradual decline between 2014 and 2016, decreasing from 708 million USD to 657 million USD. Subsequently, these assets increased in 2017 to 779 million USD before slightly decreasing again to 757 million USD in 2018. The fluctuations suggest periods of asset divestiture or depreciation followed by reinvestment or asset acquisition around 2017.
- Area asset turnover
- The area asset turnover ratio declined from 1.7 in 2014 to its lowest point of 1.11 in 2016, reflecting reduced efficiency in generating sales from assets during this timeframe. From 2017 onwards, the ratio improved, increasing to 1.37 in 2017 and slightly to 1.39 in 2018, indicating a recovery in operational efficiency relative to the asset base in the most recent years analyzed.
Area Asset Turnover: Other
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.; Other; area asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Sales and other operating revenues | |||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||
| Area Activity Ratio | |||||
| Area asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
1 2018 Calculation
Area asset turnover = Sales and other operating revenues ÷ Long-lived assets
= ÷ =
The analysis of the data over the five-year period reveals several noteworthy trends in the "Other" geographic area.
- Sales and Other Operating Revenues
- The revenues demonstrate a fluctuating but overall declining trend from 2014 to 2016, starting at 12,028 million US dollars in 2014 and decreasing to 8,736 million US dollars in 2016. Subsequently, there is a marked recovery, with revenues increasing to 9,889 million US dollars in 2017 and further to 10,984 million US dollars in 2018. Despite this recovery, the 2018 value remains below the initial 2014 figure, indicating partial but not full recovery over the period.
- Long-lived Assets
- There is a gradual reduction in the value of long-lived assets from 2014 through 2016, declining from 1,607 million to 1,500 million US dollars. From 2017 onward, however, assets show an upward trend, increasing to 1,585 million in 2017 and further to 1,730 million in 2018, which surpasses the initial 2014 value. This suggests reinvestment or asset growth activities in the latter part of the period.
- Area Asset Turnover
- The asset turnover ratio indicates efficiency in using assets to generate revenue. This ratio declines substantially from 7.48 in 2014 to 5.82 in 2016, reflecting decreased efficiency or increased asset base relative to sales. While a modest improvement occurs in 2017 (6.24) and 2018 (6.35), the ratio remains below the 2014 level, indicating that despite asset growth and increased sales, the efficiency has not fully recovered to earlier levels.
In summary, the “Other” geographic area experienced a period of contraction in revenues and asset values up to 2016, followed by partial recovery in both metrics through 2018. The asset turnover ratio trend indicates that the efficiency of asset utilization declined early in the period and only partially improved thereafter, potentially signaling changes in operational dynamics or asset management strategies during these years.
Sales and other operating revenues
LyondellBasell Industries N.V., sales and other operating revenues by geographic area
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | |||||
| Germany | |||||
| Mexico | |||||
| Italy | |||||
| France | |||||
| The Netherlands | |||||
| Other | |||||
| Total |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
- Overall Sales Trend
- The total sales and other operating revenues showed a notable decline from 2014 to 2016, dropping from 45,608 million US dollars to 29,183 million US dollars. After this lowest point in 2016, there was a gradual recovery, with revenues increasing to 34,484 million in 2017 and further to 39,004 million by 2018. Despite this recovery, the total in 2018 still remained below the 2014 peak.
- United States
- The United States, representing the largest sales region, experienced a significant decrease in sales from 23,574 million in 2014 to 13,962 million in 2016. Post-2016, sales rebounded moderately to 18,671 million by 2018. This suggests a strong dependence of the overall sales trend on the performance in the US market, with an evident trough and subsequent recovery phase.
- Germany
- Sales in Germany steadily declined from 4,231 million in 2014 to 2,474 million in 2016, similar to the US trend, but at a smaller magnitude. From 2016 onward, sales modestly increased to 2,949 million by 2018. The decline and recovery pattern is consistent but less pronounced than in the US.
- Mexico
- In contrast to the US and Germany, Mexico showed a consistent upward trend, with revenues rising from 1,361 million in 2014 to 2,308 million in 2018. Noteworthy is an acceleration after 2016, indicating growing market presence or export demand in this region during the latter years.
- Italy
- Italy exhibited a decline in sales from 1,617 million in 2014 to 1,203 million in 2016, followed by a steady improvement through 2018, reaching 1,582 million. This pattern aligns with the overall recovery trend seen in several other regions after 2016.
- France
- France's sales followed a similar trajectory, decreasing from 1,591 million in 2014 to 1,055 million in 2016. Thereafter, sales increased to 1,460 million by 2018, contributing positively to total revenues during the post-2016 recovery period.
- The Netherlands
- The Netherlands sales declined considerably from 1,206 million in 2014 to 727 million in 2016 but showed some recovery in 2017 to 1,069 million before slightly decreasing again to 1,050 million in 2018. This indicates a somewhat volatile market performance in this region during the period under review.
- Other Regions
- Sales categorized under 'Other' exhibited a downward trend from 12,028 million in 2014 to 8,736 million in 2016. Subsequently, there was an upward trend reaching 10,984 million by 2018. This segment contributed significantly to the overall recovery after the 2016 low point.
- Summary
- The data reveals a general pattern of declining sales across most geographic regions from 2014 through 2016, with the US market leading this decline. Beginning in 2017, a recovery phase is apparent, with most regions showing improved sales figures through 2018, though not yet reaching 2014 levels. The Mexican market is a notable exception, displaying consistent growth throughout the period. Regional performance variability is evident, but a broad recovery trend post-2016 is clearly observed.
Long-lived assets
LyondellBasell Industries N.V., long-lived assets by geographic area
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | |||||
| Germany | |||||
| Mexico | |||||
| Italy | |||||
| France | |||||
| The Netherlands | |||||
| Other | |||||
| Total |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31).
- United States
- The long-lived assets in the United States exhibited a consistent upward trend over the five-year period. Starting at $6,657 million in 2014, the assets increased steadily each year, reaching $10,346 million by the end of 2018. This represents a significant growth, suggesting ongoing investments or expansions in this geographic area.
- Germany
- Germany's long-lived assets showed a mild fluctuation with an overall slight decline initially, decreasing from $1,513 million in 2014 to $1,276 million in 2016. However, from 2017 onwards, there was a recovery to $1,527 million by 2018, indicating renewed investment or asset growth in this region.
- Mexico
- Assets located in Mexico demonstrated consistent growth throughout the period under review. Starting from $161 million in 2014, the value climbed steadily each year, reaching $254 million in 2018. This upward trend indicates expanding asset bases or increased capital allocation in Mexico.
- Italy
- Italy experienced a decline in long-lived assets from $400 million in 2014 to $309 million in 2016, followed by a modest recovery, rising to $343 million by 2018. While the assets did not return to their initial level, the rebound suggests some stabilization after a period of contraction.
- France
- The long-lived assets in France maintained a generally upward trend during the period. Beginning at $501 million in 2014, the asset base increased gradually to $565 million in 2018, reflecting steady growth in this region.
- The Netherlands
- Assets in The Netherlands showed slight volatility with a decrease from $708 million in 2014 to $657 million in 2016, followed by a peak of $779 million in 2017 and a minor setback to $757 million in 2018. Overall, the assets remained relatively stable with modest fluctuations.
- Other
- The category labeled "Other" displayed minor decreases and increases but portrayed a generally stable asset base. From $1,607 million in 2014, the assets slightly declined to $1,500 million in 2016, before increasing to $1,730 million in 2018, illustrating a recovery and growth in unspecified regions.
- Total
- Total long-lived assets across all geographic areas consistently increased each year from $11,547 million in 2014 to $15,522 million in 2018. The overall upward trend reflects a broadened investment and asset growth across multiple regions, driven primarily by substantial increases in the United States and moderate gains in other areas.