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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread Ratio
Economic Profit Margin

Constellation Brands Inc., economic profit calculation

US$ in thousands

12 months ended:	Feb 28, 2022	Feb 28, 2021	Feb 29, 2020	Feb 28, 2019	Feb 28, 2018	Feb 28, 2017
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹	498,399)	2,686,552)	(778,137)	4,189,068)	2,136,576)	1,893,872)
Cost of capital²	16.02%	15.74%	13.94%	14.88%	15.83%	15.29%
Invested capital³	20,491,900)	21,239,800)	21,790,300)	24,890,124)	18,550,367)	17,413,511)

Economic profit⁴	(2,784,228)	(656,898)	(3,815,767)	485,008)	(799,968)	(768,522)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

¹ NOPAT. See details »

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

⁴ 2022 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 498,399 – 16.02% × 20,491,900 = -2,784,228

The analysis of economic value added reveals a period of significant volatility and a general inability to consistently generate economic profit. Over the six-year period ending February 28, 2022, economic profit remained negative in five out of the six fiscal years, indicating that the company frequently failed to generate returns above its cost of capital.

Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT): NOPAT exhibited extreme fluctuations, peaking in February 2019 at approximately 4.19 billion US dollars before plummeting to a negative 778 million US dollars in February 2020. While a recovery occurred in 2021 with NOPAT reaching 2.69 billion US dollars, this gain was not sustained, as profits fell sharply to 498 million US dollars by February 2022.
Cost of Capital and Invested Capital: The cost of capital remained relatively stable, fluctuating within a narrow range between 13.94% and 16.02%. Invested capital saw a substantial increase from 17.41 billion US dollars in 2017 to a peak of 24.89 billion US dollars in 2019. Following this peak, a gradual contraction of the capital base was observed, with invested capital decreasing to 20.49 billion US dollars by February 2022.
Economic Profit Trends: Economic profit was negative for the majority of the observed period, with the sole exception of February 2019, where it reached 485 million US dollars. The most severe erosion of value occurred in February 2020, when economic profit dropped to negative 3.82 billion US dollars, coinciding with the period of negative NOPAT. Despite a moderate improvement in 2021, the trend returned to a significant deficit in 2022, reaching negative 2.78 billion US dollars.

The convergence of a high and stable cost of capital with volatile operating profits has resulted in a consistent failure to create economic value. The period of peak invested capital in 2019 aligned with the only instance of positive economic profit, suggesting a brief window of effective capital utilization that was not maintained in subsequent years.

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Constellation Brands Inc., NOPAT calculation

US$ in thousands

12 months ended:	Feb 28, 2022	Feb 28, 2021	Feb 29, 2020	Feb 28, 2019	Feb 28, 2018	Feb 28, 2017
Net income (loss) attributable to CBI	(40,400)	1,998,000)	(11,800)	3,435,900)	2,318,900)	1,535,100)
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹	84,800)	336,400)	(1,153,700)	426,900)	(428,100)	128,700)
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue²	118,300)	—)	—)	—)	—)	—)
Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents³	203,100)	336,400)	(1,153,700)	426,900)	(428,100)	128,700)
Interest expense	356,400)	385,700)	428,700)	367,100)	332,000)	333,300)
Interest expense, operating lease liability⁴	16,131)	17,277)	19,607)	16,531)	15,513)	14,350)
Adjusted interest expense	372,531)	402,977)	448,307)	383,631)	347,513)	347,650)
Tax benefit of interest expense⁵	(78,232)	(84,625)	(94,144)	(80,562)	(113,637)	(121,677)
Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁶	294,299)	318,352)	354,163)	303,068)	233,876)	225,972)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest	41,400)	33,800)	33,200)	23,200)	11,900)	4,100)
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)	498,399)	2,686,552)	(778,137)	4,189,068)	2,136,576)	1,893,872)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to CBI.

⁴ 2022 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 537,700 × 3.00% = 16,131

⁵ 2022 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 372,531 × 21.00% = 78,232

⁶ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to CBI.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to CBI: The net income attributable to the company showed a significant upward trend from 2017 to 2019, increasing from approximately 1.54 billion USD to nearly 3.44 billion USD. This represents a robust growth phase over these three years. However, there was a sharp reversal in 2020, with the company reporting a net loss of about 11.8 million USD. Following this loss, the company returned to profitability in 2021 with nearly 2 billion USD in net income. Yet in 2022, the net income again declined into negative territory, recording a loss of approximately 40.4 million USD. Overall, the data reflects considerable volatility in net income performance, especially post-2019, indicating potential challenges during and after the 2020 period.
Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT): The net operating profit after taxes demonstrated growth from 2017 through 2019, climbing from roughly 1.89 billion USD to over 4.18 billion USD, nearly doubling during this period. This aligns with the increase in net income, indicating strong operational profitability. However, in 2020, NOPAT sharply declined into a significant negative value of approximately 778 million USD, suggesting operational difficulties or extraordinary charges impacting earnings. A recovery occurred in 2021, with NOPAT rising to about 2.69 billion USD, though this was substantially below the 2019 peak. The 2022 figure decreased again to around 498 million USD, highlighting ongoing instability in operating performance after 2019.
Overall Financial Trends: Both net income and net operating profit after taxes exhibited strong growth trends over the initial three-year period, reflecting an expanding and profitable operational phase. The year 2020 marked a critical inflection point, with both metrics showing significant downturns, possibly linked to external disruptions or internal challenges. Although there was a partial rebound in 2021, the company did not regain the peak levels seen in 2019. The subsequent decline in 2022 suggests persistent difficulties in returning to prior performance levels. The volatility captured in these key profitability measures indicates that while the company experienced robust growth earlier, it faced substantial headwinds beginning in 2020, which have had a lasting impact on financial performance.

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Constellation Brands Inc., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in thousands

12 months ended:	Feb 28, 2022	Feb 28, 2021	Feb 29, 2020	Feb 28, 2019	Feb 28, 2018	Feb 28, 2017
Income tax provision (benefit)	309,400)	511,100)	(966,600)	685,900)	11,900)	554,200)
Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	84,800)	336,400)	(1,153,700)	426,900)	(428,100)	128,700)
Add: Tax savings from interest expense	78,232)	84,625)	94,144)	80,562)	113,637)	121,677)
Cash operating taxes	302,832)	259,325)	281,244)	339,562)	553,637)	547,177)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

Income Tax Provision (Benefit): The income tax provision fluctuates significantly over the periods analyzed. In the year ending February 28, 2017, the provision was substantially high at 554,200 thousand US dollars. This value sharply decreased to 11,900 thousand US dollars in the following year, indicating a substantial reduction in tax expense or a change in tax strategy. In the year ending February 28, 2019, the provision rose again markedly to 685,900 thousand US dollars, reflecting a possible increase in taxable income or changes in tax regulations.; Notably, in the year ending February 29, 2020, there is a negative provision of -966,600 thousand US dollars, suggesting a significant tax benefit or perhaps a reversal of previous tax liabilities. Following this, the provision returned to positive figures in the subsequent years, with 511,100 thousand US dollars in 2021 and a decline to 309,400 thousand US dollars in 2022. The fluctuation highlights varying tax impacts on earnings, potentially influenced by operational performance, tax planning, or extraordinary items during these periods.
Cash Operating Taxes: Cash operating taxes exhibit a general declining trend from 2017 through 2021. Starting at 547,177 thousand US dollars in the year ending February 28, 2017, the cash taxes increased slightly to 553,637 thousand US dollars in 2018, indicating stable or increased tax payments at a cash level. From 2019 onward, a steady decrease is observed with payments dropping to 339,562 thousand US dollars, then continuing to 281,244 thousand US dollars in 2020, and further down to 259,325 thousand US dollars in 2021, which may reflect decreased taxable income or improved tax efficiency.; In the year ending February 28, 2022, there is an increase in cash taxes paid to 302,832 thousand US dollars, suggesting a rebound or change in tax obligations compared to the previous declining trend. This may be indicative of increased earnings or alterations in tax policies impacting the cash tax outflows. Overall, cash operating taxes show more stability and less volatility compared to the income tax provision figures.

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Constellation Brands Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in thousands

	Feb 28, 2022	Feb 28, 2021	Feb 29, 2020	Feb 28, 2019	Feb 28, 2018	Feb 28, 2017
Short-term borrowings	323,000)	—)	238,900)	791,500)	746,800)	606,500)
Current maturities of long-term debt	605,300)	29,200)	734,900)	1,065,200)	22,300)	910,900)
Long-term debt, less current maturities	9,488,200)	10,413,100)	11,210,800)	11,759,800)	9,417,600)	7,720,700)
Operating lease liability¹	537,700)	539,900)	560,200)	450,424)	452,267)	395,311)
Total reported debt & leases	10,954,200)	10,982,200)	12,744,800)	14,066,924)	10,638,967)	9,633,411)
Total CBI stockholders’ equity	11,731,900)	13,598,900)	12,131,800)	12,551,000)	8,046,100)	6,891,200)
Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²	(1,835,700)	(1,922,800)	(2,272,400)	(1,153,600)	718,300)	1,132,400)
Deferred revenue³	136,100)	—)	—)	—)	—)	—)
Equity equivalents⁴	(1,699,600)	(1,922,800)	(2,272,400)	(1,153,600)	718,300)	1,132,400)
Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁵	412,700)	335,500)	266,300)	353,900)	202,900)	399,800)
Noncontrolling interests	315,900)	330,200)	342,500)	286,200)	16,600)	(6,400)
Adjusted total CBI stockholders’ equity	10,760,900)	12,341,800)	10,468,200)	12,037,500)	8,983,900)	8,417,000)
Construction in progres⁶	(1,223,200)	(2,084,200)	(1,422,700)	(1,214,300)	(1,072,500)	(636,900)
Invested capital	20,491,900)	21,239,800)	21,790,300)	24,890,124)	18,550,367)	17,413,511)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of deferred revenue.

⁴ Addition of equity equivalents to total CBI stockholders’ equity.

⁵ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁶ Subtraction of construction in progres.

Total reported debt & leases: Over the six-year period, total reported debt and leases exhibited substantial fluctuations. From 2017 to 2019, there was a notable increase, rising from approximately 9.63 billion to 14.07 billion USD. This peak was followed by a reduction in 2020 to around 12.75 billion USD, then a further decline in the subsequent years, reaching approximately 10.95 billion USD by 2022. The initial growth phase indicates a possible expansion or increased leverage, while the later decrease may suggest debt repayments or restructuring efforts.
Total CBI stockholders’ equity: Stockholders’ equity demonstrated a generally upward trajectory from 2017 through 2021. Beginning at roughly 6.89 billion USD in 2017, equity increased steadily, reaching a peak of about 13.60 billion USD in 2021. However, in 2022, there was a decline to approximately 11.73 billion USD. This trend suggests an overall strengthening of the equity base over most of the period, with a partial reversal in the most recent year, which could reflect asset revaluations, dividend payments, or other equity-affecting transactions.
Invested capital: Invested capital rose significantly from 2017 to 2019, increasing from roughly 17.41 billion USD to 24.89 billion USD. Subsequently, there was a decline in 2020 to approximately 21.79 billion USD, followed by further decreases to about 21.24 billion USD in 2021 and 20.49 billion USD in 2022. This pattern indicates an initial phase of capital expansion, possibly linked to investments or acquisitions, followed by a contraction phase, which may reflect divestitures, asset impairments, or reduced capital expenditures.

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Constellation Brands Inc., cost of capital calculations

Feb 28, 2022

	Capital (fair value)¹	Weights					Cost of capital
Equity²	47,846,762)	47,846,762)	÷	59,052,762)	=	0.81	0.81	×	19.11%	=	15.48%
Total borrowings³	10,668,300)	10,668,300)	÷	59,052,762)	=	0.18	0.18	×	3.60% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.51%
Operating lease liability⁴	537,700)	537,700)	÷	59,052,762)	=	0.01	0.01	×	3.00% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.02%
Total:	59,052,762)					1.00					16.02%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »

³ Total borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Feb 28, 2021

	Capital (fair value)¹	Weights					Cost of capital
Equity²	46,238,745)	46,238,745)	÷	58,359,545)	=	0.79	0.79	×	19.11%	=	15.14%
Total borrowings³	11,580,900)	11,580,900)	÷	58,359,545)	=	0.20	0.20	×	3.68% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.58%
Operating lease liability⁴	539,900)	539,900)	÷	58,359,545)	=	0.01	0.01	×	3.20% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.02%
Total:	58,359,545)					1.00					15.74%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »

³ Total borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Feb 29, 2020

	Capital (fair value)¹	Weights					Cost of capital
Equity²	29,508,508)	29,508,508)	÷	43,243,508)	=	0.68	0.68	×	19.11%	=	13.04%
Total borrowings³	13,174,800)	13,174,800)	÷	43,243,508)	=	0.30	0.30	×	3.59% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.86%
Operating lease liability⁴	560,200)	560,200)	÷	43,243,508)	=	0.01	0.01	×	3.50% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.04%
Total:	43,243,508)					1.00					13.94%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »

³ Total borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Feb 28, 2019

	Capital (fair value)¹	Weights					Cost of capital
Equity²	39,701,259)	39,701,259)	÷	53,711,683)	=	0.74	0.74	×	19.11%	=	14.13%
Total borrowings³	13,560,000)	13,560,000)	÷	53,711,683)	=	0.25	0.25	×	3.67% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.73%
Operating lease liability⁴	450,424)	450,424)	÷	53,711,683)	=	0.01	0.01	×	3.67% × (1 – 21.00%)	=	0.02%
Total:	53,711,683)					1.00					14.88%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »

³ Total borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Feb 28, 2018

	Capital (fair value)¹	Weights					Cost of capital
Equity²	43,687,019)	43,687,019)	÷	54,284,486)	=	0.80	0.80	×	19.11%	=	15.38%
Total borrowings³	10,145,200)	10,145,200)	÷	54,284,486)	=	0.19	0.19	×	3.43% × (1 – 32.70%)	=	0.43%
Operating lease liability⁴	452,267)	452,267)	÷	54,284,486)	=	0.01	0.01	×	3.43% × (1 – 32.70%)	=	0.02%
Total:	54,284,486)					1.00					15.83%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »

³ Total borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Feb 28, 2017

	Capital (fair value)¹	Weights					Cost of capital
Equity²	33,322,598)	33,322,598)	÷	43,169,910)	=	0.77	0.77	×	19.11%	=	14.75%
Total borrowings³	9,452,000)	9,452,000)	÷	43,169,910)	=	0.22	0.22	×	3.63% × (1 – 35.00%)	=	0.52%
Operating lease liability⁴	395,311)	395,311)	÷	43,169,910)	=	0.01	0.01	×	3.63% × (1 – 35.00%)	=	0.02%
Total:	43,169,910)					1.00					15.29%

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

¹ US$ in thousands

² Equity. See details »

³ Total borrowings. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Constellation Brands Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks

	Feb 28, 2022	Feb 28, 2021	Feb 29, 2020	Feb 28, 2019	Feb 28, 2018	Feb 28, 2017
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands)
Economic profit¹	(2,784,228)	(656,898)	(3,815,767)	485,008)	(799,968)	(768,522)
Invested capital²	20,491,900)	21,239,800)	21,790,300)	24,890,124)	18,550,367)	17,413,511)
Performance Ratio
Economic spread ratio³	-13.59%	-3.09%	-17.51%	1.95%	-4.31%	-4.41%
Benchmarks
Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors⁴
Coca-Cola Co.	4.07%	5.60%	—	—	—	—
Mondelēz International Inc.	-3.55%	-0.55%	—	—	—	—
PepsiCo Inc.	4.58%	5.12%	—	—	—	—
Philip Morris International Inc.	12.12%	26.47%	—	—	—	—

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

¹ Economic profit. See details »

² Invested capital. See details »

³ 2022 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -2,784,228 ÷ 20,491,900 = -13.59%

⁴ Click competitor name to see calculations.

An analysis of the economic performance from February 2017 to February 2022 reveals a period characterized by significant volatility and a predominant failure to generate positive economic value. For the majority of the analyzed period, the company operated with a negative economic spread, indicating that the returns generated on invested capital were insufficient to cover the cost of that capital.

Economic Spread Ratio Performance: The economic spread ratio remained negative for five out of the six years observed. A marginal improvement was noted between 2017 and 2018, moving from -4.41% to -4.31%, followed by a peak in February 2019 where the ratio turned positive at 1.95%. However, this gain was short-lived, as the ratio plummeted to -17.51% in February 2020. Despite a partial recovery to -3.09% in 2021, the ratio declined sharply again to -13.59% by February 2022, signaling a recurring struggle to achieve a competitive return over the cost of capital.
Economic Profit Trends: Economic profit mirrored the volatility of the spread ratio, remaining negative in nearly every period. The only instance of value creation occurred in February 2019, with a positive economic profit of US$ 485,008 thousand. This was followed by a severe contraction in February 2020, where economic profit fell to a low of negative US$ 3,815,767 thousand. While 2021 showed a significant reduction in losses to negative US$ 656,898 thousand, the trend reversed in 2022, with losses expanding again to negative US$ 2,784,228 thousand.
Invested Capital Dynamics: Invested capital exhibited a growth phase initially, rising from US$ 17,413,511 thousand in 2017 to a peak of US$ 24,890,124 thousand in February 2019. Following this peak, a consistent downward trend in invested capital was observed over the subsequent three years, ending at US$ 20,491,900 thousand in February 2022. The misalignment between the peak in invested capital in 2019 and the subsequent deep drops in economic profit suggests that the capital expansion did not translate into sustainable long-term economic value.

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Constellation Brands Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks

	Feb 28, 2022	Feb 28, 2021	Feb 29, 2020	Feb 28, 2019	Feb 28, 2018	Feb 28, 2017
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands)
Economic profit¹	(2,784,228)	(656,898)	(3,815,767)	485,008)	(799,968)	(768,522)

Net sales	8,820,700)	8,614,900)	8,343,500)	8,116,000)	7,585,000)	7,331,500)
Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue	118,300)	—)	—)	—)	—)	—)
Adjusted net sales	8,939,000)	8,614,900)	8,343,500)	8,116,000)	7,585,000)	7,331,500)
Performance Ratio
Economic profit margin²	-31.15%	-7.63%	-45.73%	5.98%	-10.55%	-10.48%
Benchmarks
Economic Profit Margin, Competitors³
Coca-Cola Co.	7.57%	11.63%	—	—	—	—
Mondelēz International Inc.	-7.20%	-1.17%	—	—	—	—
PepsiCo Inc.	3.68%	4.50%	—	—	—	—
Philip Morris International Inc.	18.07%	24.57%	—	—	—	—

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-02-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-02-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-02-28).

¹ Economic profit. See details »

² 2022 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × -2,784,228 ÷ 8,939,000 = -31.15%

³ Click competitor name to see calculations.

The financial performance between 2017 and 2022 is characterized by a consistent increase in adjusted net sales contrasted with highly volatile and predominantly negative economic profit outcomes.

Adjusted Net Sales Trends: A steady upward trajectory in revenue is observed, with adjusted net sales growing from US$ 7,331,500 thousand in 2017 to US$ 8,939,000 thousand by 2022. This indicates a consistent expansion of the top line over the six-year period.
Economic Profit Volatility: Economic profit exhibited significant instability, remaining negative for five of the six years analyzed. A brief period of value creation occurred in 2019, with a positive result of US$ 485,008 thousand. However, this was followed by a severe contraction in 2020, where economic profit fell to negative US$ 3,815,767 thousand, before fluctuating again to negative US$ 2,784,228 thousand by 2022.
Economic Profit Margin Analysis: The economic profit margin mirrors the volatility of the absolute economic profit. The margin remained relatively stable around -10% in 2017 and 2018 before pivoting to a positive 5.98% in 2019. A sharp decline occurred in 2020, reaching a trough of -45.73%, followed by a partial recovery to -7.63% in 2021 and a subsequent deterioration to -31.15% in 2022.

The divergence between growing adjusted net sales and fluctuating, largely negative economic profit margins suggests that revenue growth has not been sufficient to consistently exceed the cost of capital. The substantial drops in the economic profit margin in 2020 and 2022 indicate periods of significant economic value destruction despite the growth in sales volume.

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Constellation Brands Inc. (NYSE:STZ)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

Economic Spread Ratio

Economic Profit Margin