Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).
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- Balance Sheet: Assets
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Analysis of Geographic Areas
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2007
- Current Ratio since 2007
- Debt to Equity since 2007
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2007
- Analysis of Debt
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Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
- Price to Earnings (P/E) Ratio
- The P/E ratio shows a generally increasing trend from mid-2019 to early 2022, starting around 17 and rising to a peak above 21. This is followed by a decline through late 2022, reaching a low near 7.8 in December 2022. From early 2023 onwards, the ratio climbs sharply, reaching its highest observed levels around 44 to 46 by early 2024. Thereafter, the ratio declines gradually but remains elevated above earlier years, fluctuating between roughly 17 and 25 through mid-2025.
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) Ratio
- The P/OP ratio follows a pattern similar to the P/E ratio, beginning around 16 to 17 in late 2019 and peaking around 19 to 20 into mid-2021. Afterward, it declines steadily to a low near 6.5 by the end of 2022. Subsequently, a sharp increase is observed, with the ratio reaching a maximum roughly between 37 and 42 in early 2024. Following this peak, the ratio declines again but remains above historical lows, with values fluctuating between approximately 15 and 22 through the mid-2025 period.
- Price to Sales (P/S) Ratio
- The P/S ratio starts at approximately 0.43 in late 2019 and exhibits a moderate upward trend through 2020 and early 2021, reaching around 0.62 to 0.7. From mid-2021 to late 2022, the ratio remains relatively stable, close to 0.67 to 0.7. Beginning in early 2023, a pronounced increase occurs, with the ratio climbing steeply to a peak near 4.1 by early 2024, indicating a significant rise in market valuation relative to sales. After this spike, the ratio decreases notably, settling between 0.9 and 1.4 by mid-2025.
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) Ratio
- The P/BV ratio starts at about 1.27 in late 2019 and trends upward steadily through the years, with gradual increases and some fluctuations. By late 2021, the ratio crosses the 2.0 mark, continuing to rise until it reaches a sharp peak of approximately 10.5 in early 2024. After this peak, a marked decline follows, bringing the ratio down to around 3.1 to 4.1 by mid-2025. This pattern suggests significant changes in market perception of the company's net asset value during this period.
- Overall Observations
- All valuation multiples display a notable pattern of moderate growth from 2019 through 2021, followed by a decline through late 2022. Starting in early 2023, a pronounced surge across all ratios indicates heightened market optimism or valuation expansion, peaking around early 2024. Subsequently, all ratios decrease but generally remain at levels higher than the earliest observed periods, suggesting sustained elevated valuation relative to earnings, operating profit, sales, and book value. The peaks in early 2024 may reflect either exceptional profitability expectations, market sentiment shifts, or a combination thereof, warranting further investigation into underlying operational or environmental factors during this timeframe.
Price to Earnings (P/E)
Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | ||||||||
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No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Earnings per share (EPS)2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share price1, 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/E ratio4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/E Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apple Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arista Networks Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dell Technologies Inc. |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2025 Calculation
EPS
= (Net incomeQ4 2025
+ Net incomeQ3 2025
+ Net incomeQ2 2025
+ Net incomeQ1 2025)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ( + + + )
÷ =
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Super Micro Computer Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2025 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= ÷ =
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Share Price Trend
- The share price shows a generally upward trend from September 2019 through to June 2025, increasing from $2.47 to a peak at $83.04 in March 2024 before declining to $33.52 in March 2025 and recovering somewhat to $43.97 by June 2025. Notable increases occur between December 2021 and June 2024, where the price rises substantially, reflecting strong market confidence or positive developments during this period. The steep surge from $13.72 in March 2023 to $83.04 in March 2024 indicates a significant market event or performance improvement. However, subsequent quarters show volatility with a pronounced drop from late 2024 into early 2025, indicating possible profit-taking or adverse market influences.
- Earnings Per Share (EPS) Pattern
- EPS data is available starting from March 2020, initially steady at $0.16, then consistently increasing over the observed periods. EPS rises from $0.16 in early 2020 to a peak of $2.43 in March 2025, signifying sustained earnings growth. This growth appears relatively stable with no significant declines, showing strong operational performance. However, a slight decline is observed from the peak EPS of $2.43 in March 2025 to $1.76 in June 2025, which may warrant further investigation into recent operational challenges or market conditions.
- Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio Insight
- The P/E ratio is recorded from March 2020 onwards and shows considerable fluctuation through the quarters. After an initial range between approximately 15 and 22 from March 2020 to March 2023, the ratio sharply rises to over 44 in March 2024, coincident with the share price peak. This suggests that the price increase outpaced earnings growth temporarily, leading to elevated valuation levels. Following the peak, the P/E ratio decreases but remains relatively high compared to earlier periods, indicating that while the share price declined, it stayed comparatively rich relative to earnings. The volatility in P/E highlights periods of changing investor sentiment or possibly speculative activity.
- Overall Financial Dynamics
- The financial data suggests a phase of solid earnings growth accompanied by a significant rise in market valuation over the examined timeframe. The increasing EPS implies operational strength and profitability improvements, while the sharp share price increases reflect investor optimism. The elevated and volatile P/E ratios near the peak share prices indicate a period of heightened market expectations that may have contributed to subsequent price corrections. Recent quarters show some earnings decline alongside price volatility, which could indicate market recalibration or emerging challenges. Continuous monitoring of earnings and market valuation metrics is recommended to assess sustainability of growth and valuation levels.
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from operations (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating profit per share2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share price1, 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/OP ratio4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/OP Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apple Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arista Networks Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dell Technologies Inc. |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2025 Calculation
Operating profit per share
= (Income from operationsQ4 2025
+ Income from operationsQ3 2025
+ Income from operationsQ2 2025
+ Income from operationsQ1 2025)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ( + + + )
÷ =
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Super Micro Computer Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2025 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= ÷ =
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the financial data reveals several noteworthy trends over the observed quarters. The share price of the company demonstrates a general upward trajectory with notable volatility. Beginning from a low of $2.47 in September 2019, the share price gradually increases, reaching peaks at various points, especially in December 2023 ($57.96) and March 2024 ($83.04). Subsequently, a sharp decline is observed, with the price dropping to $33.52 by March 2025, before partially recovering to $43.97 by June 2025. This pattern indicates periods of rapid price appreciation followed by corrections, suggesting periods of high market speculation or changing investor sentiment.
Operating profit per share (OPPS) data, available from March 2020 onward, shows a steady upward trend. Starting at $0.16 per share in March 2020, the OPPS gradually improves, reaching $2.61 per share by March 2025. The growth in operating profit per share suggests the company has been enhancing its operational efficiency or expanding its profitability steadily over time.
The Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) ratio presents a more complex picture. Initially, the ratio fluctuates moderately around the mid to high teens, ranging from 14.45 to 19.41 in the early period. It then declines progressively, reaching a low of 6.55 in December 2022, indicating a potentially undervalued period relative to operating profit. However, this is followed by a sharp increase, peaking at 42.32 in March 2024, coinciding with the peak share price. After this peak, the ratio decreases again to around 15 to 20 by mid-2025. These fluctuations suggest that market valuation relative to operating profit has experienced significant swings, possibly reflecting changing market expectations or external factors influencing investor confidence independent of underlying operating profits.
Overall, the shares exhibit strong price growth interrupted by periods of correction. Operating profitability displays consistent improvement, indicating solid underlying business performance. However, the variability in the P/OP ratio signals that market pricing relative to earnings has been volatile, with periods where the stock was potentially overvalued or undervalued compared to its operating profitability. This mixed pattern underscores the importance of considering both market trends and fundamental earnings performance in evaluating the company's financial status.
- Share Price Trends
- Steady increase from $2.47 to peaks above $80, followed by sharp corrections.
- Operating Profit Per Share
- Consistent growth from $0.16 to over $2.6, reflecting improved operational results.
- Price to Operating Profit Ratio
- Variable ratio with declines to undervalued levels and spikes indicating overvaluation periods.
- Overall Interpretation
- Strong profitability growth underlies volatile market valuations and share price fluctuations.
Price to Sales (P/S)
Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net sales (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sales per share2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share price1, 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/S ratio4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/S Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apple Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arista Networks Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dell Technologies Inc. |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2025 Calculation
Sales per share
= (Net salesQ4 2025
+ Net salesQ3 2025
+ Net salesQ2 2025
+ Net salesQ1 2025)
÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ( + + + )
÷ =
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Super Micro Computer Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2025 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= ÷ =
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The share price demonstrates a general upward trend from September 2019 through June 2025, with notable fluctuations. Initially, the share price was relatively low, around $2.47 to $3.64, up to early 2021. A significant increase occurs after March 2022, with prices reaching and exceeding $10, peaking at $83.04 in March 2024. However, following this peak, the share price declines, settling around mid-$30 to mid-$40 range by mid-2025.
Sales per share data, available starting March 2020, shows a steady and consistent increase throughout the entire period. From a value of approximately $6.37 in the first measurement, sales per share rise progressively each quarter, reaching nearly $37.00 by June 2025. This indicates sustained growth in revenue generation on a per-share basis.
The Price-to-Sales (P/S) ratio displays considerable volatility across the periods observed. Starting near 0.43 in March 2020, the ratio gradually increases, with intermittent rises and drops, until it experiences a sharp escalation around March 2023 where it peaks at 4.11 in March 2024. Following this peak, the ratio decreases significantly below 1.5 by mid-2025. This fluctuation in the P/S ratio suggests periods of changing market valuation relative to sales, reflecting alterations in investor sentiment or market expectations regarding the company’s sales growth trajectory.
- Share Price Trend
- Generally increasing with volatility; sharp rise after early 2022, peaking in early 2024, followed by a decline.
- Sales per Share Trend
- Consistent and steady growth throughout the observed period, indicating strong revenue expansion on a per-share basis.
- Price-to-Sales Ratio (P/S)
- Volatile with a marked peak in early 2024; suggests fluctuating investor valuation relative to sales over time.
Price to Book Value (P/BV)
Jun 30, 2025 | Mar 31, 2025 | Dec 31, 2024 | Sep 30, 2024 | Jun 30, 2024 | Mar 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Sep 30, 2023 | Jun 30, 2023 | Mar 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Mar 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2021 | Jun 30, 2021 | Mar 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Sep 30, 2020 | Jun 30, 2020 | Mar 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Financial Data (US$) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Super Micro Computer, Inc. stockholders’ equity (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Book value per share (BVPS)2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share price1, 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Valuation Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/BV ratio4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benchmarks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P/BV Ratio, Competitors5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apple Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arista Networks Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dell Technologies Inc. |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Q4 2025 Calculation
BVPS = Total Super Micro Computer, Inc. stockholders’ equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Super Micro Computer Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.
4 Q4 2025 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= ÷ =
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Share Price Trend
- The share price exhibited a generally upward trajectory over the analyzed period. Starting at $2.47 in September 2019, it showed modest fluctuations with gradual increases through 2020 and 2021. Beginning 2022, more significant growth occurred, with the price reaching a peak of $83.04 in March 2024. Following this peak, a notable decline to $33.52 by March 2025 was observed, although the value rebounded somewhat to $43.97 by June 2025. The trend indicates phases of rapid appreciation interspersed with correction periods.
- Book Value per Share (BVPS) Trend
- Book value per share demonstrated a steady and consistent increase throughout the period. From $1.94 in September 2019, the BVPS rose moderately each quarter, reaching $10.6 by June 2025. This reflects ongoing growth in the company’s net asset value per share, suggesting continuous value accumulation and potentially improved financial stability over time.
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) Ratio Analysis
- The P/BV ratio largely mirrored the share price movement, reflecting changes in market valuation relative to book value. Initially around 1.27 in September 2019, the ratio experienced some fluctuation but generally trended upward, peaking sharply at 10.54 in June 2024. This peak corresponds to the highest share prices and suggests potentially heightened market optimism or overvaluation relative to book value at that time. Subsequently, the ratio declined to around 4.15 by June 2025, indicating a partial market correction or reassessment relative to the underlying book value.
- Overall Insights
- The data suggests a positive long-term growth in intrinsic company value as indicated by rising book value per share. Share prices experienced stronger volatility with significant appreciation especially from 2022 onward, but also marked by sharp corrections post-peak. The P/BV ratio’s volatility underscores changes in market sentiment, highlighting periods of premium valuation. The combination indicates investor optimism aligned with improving fundamentals but also reflects phases of market reassessment or risk adjustment.