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General Motors Co. (GM)
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Advanced level
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
General Motors Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2019 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | General Motors Co.’s economic profit decreased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
General Motors Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts and notes receivable.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty and related liabilities.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in reserves related to restructuring and other initiatives.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss) attributable to stockholders.
7 2019 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
8 2019 Calculation
Tax benefit of automotive interest expense = Adjusted automotive interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss) attributable to stockholders.
10 2019 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
12 Elimination of discontinued operations.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | General Motors Co.’s NOPAT decreased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019. |
Cash Operating Taxes
General Motors Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | General Motors Co.’s cash operating taxes decreased from 2017 to 2018 but then increased from 2018 to 2019 exceeding 2017 level. |
Invested Capital
General Motors Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of product warranty and related liabilities.
6 Addition of reserves related to restructuring and other initiatives.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
9 Subtraction of construction in progress.
10 Subtraction of available-for-sale debt securities, marketable securities.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | General Motors Co.’s invested capital increased from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019. |
Cost of Capital
General Motors Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) |
= | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
General Motors Co., economic spread ratio calculation
| Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2019 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | General Motors Co.’s economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019. |
Economic Profit Margin
General Motors Co., economic profit margin calculation
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2020-02-05), 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2019 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted automotive net sales and revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | General Motors Co.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2017 to 2018 and from 2018 to 2019. |