General Motors Co. (NYSE:GM)

The period under review demonstrates a consistent decline in economic profit. While net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) fluctuates, it generally trends downward, and the cost of capital exhibits increasing volatility. Invested capital steadily increases throughout the period, contributing to the observed decline in economic profit.

Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)

NOPAT begins at US$13,885 million in 2021, decreases to US$10,217 million in 2022, recovers somewhat to US$11,524 million in 2023, then declines again to US$10,525 million in 2024, and finally falls to US$8,914 million in 2025. This indicates a general weakening in core operational profitability over the five-year period.

Cost of Capital

The cost of capital starts at 9.95% in 2021, decreases to 9.11% in 2022 and further to 8.47% in 2023. It then increases to 8.72% in 2024 before rising significantly to 10.42% in 2025. This suggests increasing financial risk or changing market conditions impacting the company’s funding costs, particularly in the final year.

Invested Capital

Invested capital shows a consistent upward trend, increasing from US$167,086 million in 2021 to US$172,128 million in 2022, US$182,260 million in 2023, US$194,168 million in 2024, and reaching US$195,877 million in 2025. This indicates ongoing investment in the business, but without a corresponding increase in profitability to offset the increased capital employed.

Economic Profit

Economic profit is negative throughout the entire period, starting at -US$2,734 million in 2021 and worsening to -US$5,457 million in 2022. It improves slightly to -US$3,916 million in 2023, but then deteriorates to -US$6,398 million in 2024 and further to -US$11,494 million in 2025. The increasing negative economic profit suggests the company is consistently failing to generate returns exceeding its cost of capital, and the situation is progressively worsening.

The combination of declining NOPAT, increasing invested capital, and fluctuating, but ultimately rising, cost of capital results in a consistently negative and worsening economic profit. This trend warrants further investigation to determine the underlying causes and potential corrective actions.

The financial performance, as indicated by Net Income Attributable to Stockholders and Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT), demonstrates fluctuating results over the five-year period. While both metrics initially show positive figures, a distinct divergence emerges in later years, particularly concerning Net Income.

NOPAT Trend

NOPAT experienced a decrease from US$13,885 million in 2021 to US$10,217 million in 2022, representing a substantial decline. A subsequent recovery was observed in 2023, with NOPAT reaching US$11,524 million. This upward momentum continued into 2024, reaching US$10,525 million, before declining again to US$8,914 million in 2025. Overall, NOPAT exhibits volatility, with a general downward trend evident when comparing the beginning and end of the period.

Net Income Trend

Net Income Attributable to Stockholders remained relatively stable between 2021 and 2023, fluctuating around the US$10 billion mark. However, a significant decrease is apparent in 2024, falling to US$6,008 million. This decline accelerated in 2025, with Net Income dropping to US$2,697 million. This represents a considerable contraction in profitability as reported to stockholders.

Relationship between NOPAT and Net Income

While NOPAT and Net Income generally move in the same direction, the magnitude of change differs. The decline in Net Income from 2023 to 2025 is more pronounced than the corresponding decrease in NOPAT. This suggests that factors beyond core operating profitability, such as financing costs, non-operating expenses, or tax implications, are significantly impacting reported Net Income. The divergence between the two metrics widens in the later years of the period, indicating a growing disconnect between operational performance and overall profitability.

The observed trends suggest a potential weakening in the company’s ability to translate operating profits into net earnings for stockholders. Further investigation into the components of Net Income, beyond NOPAT, is warranted to understand the drivers of this divergence.

The relationship between income tax expense and cash operating taxes demonstrates notable fluctuations over the five-year period. While both metrics represent tax-related financial obligations, their divergence suggests timing differences between accounting recognition and actual cash outflows.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased significantly from 2021 to 2022, followed by a substantial reduction in 2023. A subsequent increase occurred in 2024, but then decreased again in 2025, reaching its lowest value in the observed period. This pattern indicates considerable volatility in the company’s reported tax liability, potentially influenced by changes in taxable income, tax rates, or the utilization of tax credits and deductions.

Cash Operating Taxes

Cash operating taxes exhibited an initial increase from 2021 to 2022, and remained relatively stable through 2023. A decrease was observed in 2024, followed by a return to the 2022-2023 level in 2025. This suggests a more consistent cash outflow for tax purposes, although still subject to year-over-year variation.

Relationship between Income Tax Expense and Cash Operating Taxes

A significant difference between income tax expense and cash operating taxes is apparent in each year. In 2021, cash operating taxes were considerably lower than income tax expense. This gap narrowed in 2022 and 2023, but widened again in 2024 and remained substantial in 2025. This discrepancy likely stems from deferred tax items, such as temporary differences between book and tax accounting, or from the timing of tax payments relative to the recognition of taxable income. The consistent difference highlights the importance of considering cash taxes when evaluating the company’s true tax burden and available cash flow.

The observed trends suggest that the company’s effective tax rate, as reflected in income tax expense, is subject to considerable fluctuation. However, the cash taxes paid appear to be more stable, indicating a degree of tax planning or the impact of non-cash tax effects on reported income.

The reported invested capital demonstrates a consistent upward trend over the five-year period. Total reported debt & leases and stockholders’ equity both contribute to this increase, though with differing patterns. A detailed examination of each component reveals nuances in the company’s capital structure.

Invested Capital Trend

Invested capital increased from US$167,086 million in 2021 to US$195,877 million in 2025. This represents a cumulative increase of approximately 17.2% over the period. The rate of increase was most pronounced between 2022 and 2024, suggesting a period of significant capital deployment or financing activity. The increase between 2024 and 2025 was comparatively modest.

Debt & Leases Trend

Total reported debt & leases exhibited a steady increase from US$110,595 million in 2021 to US$131,578 million in 2025. While the increase was consistent year-over-year, the rate of growth slowed in the final year of the observed period. This suggests a potential shift in financing strategy or a deliberate effort to moderate debt accumulation.

Stockholders’ Equity Trend

Stockholders’ equity initially increased from US$59,744 million in 2021 to US$67,792 million in 2022, representing a substantial gain. However, subsequent years saw a decline, reaching US$61,119 million in 2025. This decrease could be attributed to factors such as dividend payouts, share repurchases, or net losses impacting retained earnings. The fluctuation in stockholders’ equity introduces variability to the overall invested capital figure.

The combined effect of increasing debt and fluctuating equity resulted in the overall growth of invested capital. The slowing growth in debt during the last observed year, coupled with the continued decline in equity, suggests a potential future stabilization or even a decrease in invested capital if these trends persist. Further investigation into the drivers behind these changes in equity is warranted.

The economic spread ratio demonstrates a consistently negative trend over the five-year period. Economic profit exhibits a pattern of negative values, increasing in magnitude over time, while invested capital generally increases. These factors combine to produce the observed decline in the economic spread ratio.

Economic Spread Ratio

The economic spread ratio decreased from -1.64% in 2021 to -5.87% in 2025. This indicates a widening gap between the company’s return on invested capital and its cost of capital. The most significant decline occurred between 2024 and 2025, with a decrease of 2.58 percentage points.

Economic Profit

Economic profit moved from -2,734 million in 2021 to -11,494 million in 2025. The negative values signify that the company is not generating returns exceeding its cost of capital. The magnitude of the loss increased substantially in 2025, suggesting a worsening of profitability relative to capital employed.

Invested Capital

Invested capital increased from 167,086 million in 2021 to 195,877 million in 2025. While the company is increasing the amount of capital deployed, it is not translating into positive economic profit. The rate of increase in invested capital slowed between 2024 and 2025.

The combined effect of increasing invested capital and declining economic profit is a consistently worsening economic spread ratio. This suggests that the company’s investments are not generating sufficient returns to cover the cost of capital, and the situation deteriorated notably in the most recent year observed.

The economic profit margin exhibited a generally deteriorating trend over the five-year period. While fluctuations occurred, the overall movement indicates a decline in the company’s ability to generate economic profit relative to its net sales and revenue.

Economic Profit

Economic profit consistently remained negative throughout the observed period. The magnitude of the loss increased from US$2,734 million in 2021 to US$11,494 million in 2025. A notable increase in the loss occurred between 2024 and 2025, suggesting a significant shift in profitability or cost of capital during that timeframe. The largest absolute loss was recorded in 2025.

Adjusted Automotive Net Sales and Revenue

Adjusted automotive net sales and revenue generally increased from 2021 to 2024, rising from US$113,214 million to US$173,096 million. However, a slight decrease was observed in 2025, with revenue falling to US$169,708 million. This suggests potential market saturation, increased competition, or other factors impacting sales volume towards the end of the period.

Economic Profit Margin

The economic profit margin began at -2.42% in 2021 and decreased to -3.78% in 2022. It experienced a slight improvement in 2023, moving to -2.46%, before declining again to -3.70% in 2024. The most substantial decrease occurred in 2025, with the margin reaching -6.77%. This indicates that, despite revenue growth in the earlier years, the company’s cost of capital and/or operational inefficiencies were increasing at a faster rate, eroding its economic profitability. The increasing negative margin in 2025, coupled with the substantial increase in economic loss, warrants further investigation.

The divergence between increasing revenue (until 2025) and worsening economic profit margin suggests that revenue growth alone is not translating into value creation. The company’s cost of capital, operational expenses, or a combination of both, appear to be outpacing revenue gains, resulting in a diminished economic return.