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Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Difficulty: Beginner
Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).
Current Valuation Ratios
General Motors Co., current price multiples
| General Motors Co. | Ford Motor Co. | Automobiles & Parts | Consumer Goods | |
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| Selected Financial Data | ||||
| Current share price (P) | $ |
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| No. shares of common stock outstanding | |
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| Growth rate (g) | |
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| Earnings per share (EPS) | $ |
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| Next year expected EPS | $ |
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| Operating profit per share | $ |
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| Sales per share | $ |
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| Book value per share (BVPS) | $ |
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| Ratios (Price Multiples) | ||||
| Price to earnings (P/E) | |
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| Price to next year expected earnings | |
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| Price-earnings-growth (PEG) | |
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| Price to operating profit (P/OP) | |
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| Price to sales (P/S) | |
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| Price to book value (P/BV) | |
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Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06).
If company price multiple is lower then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively undervalued.
Otherwise, if company price multiple is higher then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively overvalued.
Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
General Motors Co., historical price multiples
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | ||
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| Price to earnings (P/E) | |
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| Price to operating profit (P/OP) | |
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| Price to sales (P/S) | |
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| Price to book value (P/BV) | |
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Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-04).
| Ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | General Motors Co.’s P/E ratio declined from 2016 to 2017 but then increased from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level. |
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | General Motors Co.’s P/OP ratio increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018. |
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | General Motors Co.’s P/S ratio increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly declined from 2017 to 2018. |
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company’s required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | General Motors Co.’s P/BV ratio increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly declined from 2017 to 2018. |
Price to Earnings (P/E)
General Motors Co., historical P/E calculation, comparison to benchmarks
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-04).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Close price on the filing date of General Motors Co.’s Annual Report.
2018 Calculations
3 EPS = Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =
4 P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= ÷ =
| Ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | General Motors Co.’s P/E ratio declined from 2016 to 2017 but then increased from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level. |
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
General Motors Co., historical P/OP calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | ||
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| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |
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| Selected Financial Data (USD $) | ||||||
| Operating income (in millions) | |
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| Operating profit per share3 | |
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| Share price1, 2 | |
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| Ratio | ||||||
| P/OP ratio4 | |
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| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/OP Ratio, Competitors | ||||||
| Ford Motor Co. | |
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| P/OP Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Automobiles & Parts | |
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| P/OP Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Consumer Goods | |
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Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-04).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Close price on the filing date of General Motors Co.’s Annual Report.
2018 Calculations
3 Operating profit per share = Operating income ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =
4 P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= ÷ =
| Ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | General Motors Co.’s P/OP ratio increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018. |
Price to Sales (P/S)
General Motors Co., historical P/S calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | ||
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| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |
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| Selected Financial Data (USD $) | ||||||
| Automotive net sales and revenue (in millions) | |
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| Sales per share3 | |
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| Share price1, 2 | |
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| Ratio | ||||||
| P/S ratio4 | |
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| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/S Ratio, Competitors | ||||||
| Ford Motor Co. | |
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| P/S Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Automobiles & Parts | |
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| P/S Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Consumer Goods | |
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Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-04).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Close price on the filing date of General Motors Co.’s Annual Report.
2018 Calculations
3 Sales per share = Automotive net sales and revenue ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
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4 P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
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| Ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | General Motors Co.’s P/S ratio increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly declined from 2017 to 2018. |
Price to Book Value (P/BV)
General Motors Co., historical P/BV calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | ||
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| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | |
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| Selected Financial Data (USD $) | ||||||
| Stockholders’ equity (in millions) | |
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| Book value per share (BVPS)3 | |
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| Share price1, 2 | |
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| Ratio | ||||||
| P/BV ratio4 | |
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| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/BV Ratio, Competitors | ||||||
| Ford Motor Co. | |
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| P/BV Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Automobiles & Parts | |
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| P/BV Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Consumer Goods | |
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Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-06), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-03), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-04).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Close price on the filing date of General Motors Co.’s Annual Report.
2018 Calculations
3 BVPS = Stockholders’ equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= ÷ =
4 P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= ÷ =
| Ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company’s required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | General Motors Co.’s P/BV ratio increased from 2016 to 2017 but then slightly declined from 2017 to 2018. |