Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Express Scripts Holding Co., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in thousands
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | ||||||
| Total assets | 54,255,800) | 51,744,900) | 53,243,300) | 53,798,900) | 53,548,200) | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 2,309,600) | 3,077,200) | 3,186,300) | 1,832,600) | 1,991,400) | |
| Operating assets | 51,946,200) | 48,667,700) | 50,057,000) | 51,966,300) | 51,556,800) | |
| Operating Liabilities | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 36,130,500) | 35,501,100) | 35,862,800) | 33,734,900) | 31,703,400) | |
| Less: Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt | 1,032,900) | 722,300) | 1,646,400) | 2,555,300) | 1,584,000) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 14,981,500) | 14,846,000) | 13,946,300) | 11,012,700) | 12,363,000) | |
| Operating liabilities | 20,116,100) | 19,932,800) | 20,270,100) | 20,166,900) | 17,756,400) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 31,830,100) | 28,734,900) | 29,786,900) | 31,799,400) | 33,800,400) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | 3,095,200) | (1,052,000) | (2,012,500) | (2,001,000) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | 10.22% | -3.60% | -6.54% | -6.10% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 2017 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 51,946,200 – 20,116,100 = 31,830,100
2 2017 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2017 – Net operating assets2016
= 31,830,100 – 28,734,900 = 3,095,200
3 2017 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 3,095,200 ÷ [(31,830,100 + 28,734,900) ÷ 2] = 10.22%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Express Scripts Holding Co. deteriorated earnings quality from 2016 to 2017. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Express Scripts Holding Co., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in thousands
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income attributable to Express Scripts | 4,517,400) | 3,404,400) | 2,476,400) | 2,007,600) | 1,844,600) | |
| Less: Net cash flows provided by operating activities | 5,351,300) | 4,919,400) | 4,848,300) | 4,549,000) | 4,768,900) | |
| Less: Net cash used in investing activities | (3,690,600) | (351,900) | (268,500) | (411,900) | (70,000) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | 2,856,700) | (1,163,100) | (2,103,400) | (2,129,500) | (2,854,300) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | 9.43% | -3.97% | -6.83% | -6.49% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 2017 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 2,856,700 ÷ [(31,830,100 + 28,734,900) ÷ 2] = 9.43%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Express Scripts Holding Co. deteriorated earnings quality from 2016 to 2017. |