Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
Express Scripts Holding Co., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 3,274,103) | 3,375,341) | 2,290,431) | 1,953,528) | 1,817,712) | |
| Invested capital2 | 37,007,152) | 35,712,343) | 37,411,086) | 38,622,209) | 41,289,230) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | 8.85% | 9.45% | 6.12% | 5.06% | 4.40% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2017 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 3,274,103 ÷ 37,007,152 = 8.85%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | Express Scripts Holding Co. ROIC improved from 2015 to 2016 but then slightly deteriorated from 2016 to 2017. |
Decomposition of ROIC
Express Scripts Holding Co., decomposition of ROIC
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the decrease in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2017 year is the increase in effective cash tax rate (CTR).
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
Express Scripts Holding Co., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 3,274,103) | 3,375,341) | 2,290,431) | 1,953,528) | 1,817,712) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,292,125) | 1,743,214) | 2,004,540) | 1,669,615) | 1,890,614) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 5,566,228) | 5,118,556) | 4,294,971) | 3,623,144) | 3,708,326) | |
| Revenues | 100,064,600) | 100,287,500) | 101,751,800) | 100,887,100) | 104,098,800) | |
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | 5.56% | 5.10% | 4.22% | 3.59% | 3.56% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2017 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Revenues
= 100 × 5,566,228 ÷ 100,064,600 = 5.56%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | Express Scripts Holding Co. OPM improved from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
Express Scripts Holding Co., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Revenues | 100,064,600) | 100,287,500) | 101,751,800) | 100,887,100) | 104,098,800) | |
| Invested capital1 | 37,007,152) | 35,712,343) | 37,411,086) | 38,622,209) | 41,289,230) | |
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | 2.70 | 2.81 | 2.72 | 2.61 | 2.52 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2017 Calculation
TO = Revenues ÷ Invested capital
= 100,064,600 ÷ 37,007,152 = 2.70
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | Express Scripts Holding Co. TO improved from 2015 to 2016 but then deteriorated significantly from 2016 to 2017. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
Express Scripts Holding Co., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 3,274,103) | 3,375,341) | 2,290,431) | 1,953,528) | 1,817,712) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,292,125) | 1,743,214) | 2,004,540) | 1,669,615) | 1,890,614) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 5,566,228) | 5,118,556) | 4,294,971) | 3,623,144) | 3,708,326) | |
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | 41.18% | 34.06% | 46.67% | 46.08% | 50.98% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2017 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × 2,292,125 ÷ 5,566,228 = 41.18%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | Express Scripts Holding Co. CTR decreased from 2015 to 2016 but then increased from 2016 to 2017 not reaching 2015 level. |