Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).
Current Valuation Ratios
Express Scripts Holding Co., current price multiples
| Express Scripts Holding Co. | Abbott Laboratories | Cigna Group | CVS Health Corp. | Danaher Corp. | Elevance Health Inc. | Humana Inc. | Intuitive Surgical Inc. | Medtronic PLC | UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data | |||||||||||
| Current share price (P) | $96.97 | ||||||||||
| No. shares of common stock outstanding | 563,860,000 | ||||||||||
| Growth rate (g) | 15.44% | ||||||||||
| Earnings per share (EPS) | $8.01 | ||||||||||
| Next year expected EPS | $9.25 | ||||||||||
| Operating profit per share | $9.74 | ||||||||||
| Sales per share | $177.46 | ||||||||||
| Book value per share (BVPS) | $32.13 | ||||||||||
| Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples) | |||||||||||
| Price to earnings (P/E) | 12.10 | 33.08 | 19.81 | 10.35 | 37.42 | 19.33 | 15.15 | 75.40 | 28.31 | 18.09 | |
| Price to next year expected earnings | 10.49 | 30.96 | 17.78 | 9.76 | 34.15 | 17.19 | 12.90 | 66.44 | 27.74 | 15.43 | |
| Price-earnings-growth (PEG) | 0.78 | 4.82 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 3.90 | 1.55 | 0.87 | 5.59 | 13.83 | 1.05 | |
| Price to operating profit (P/OP) | 9.95 | 29.23 | 11.98 | 6.29 | 34.12 | 15.20 | 9.40 | 76.73 | 19.40 | 12.51 | |
| Price to sales (P/S) | 0.55 | 4.72 | 0.53 | 0.24 | 7.43 | 0.68 | 0.36 | 19.03 | 3.41 | 1.10 | |
| Price to book value (P/BV) | 3.02 | 4.90 | 2.21 | 1.13 | 3.32 | 2.94 | 2.32 | 10.19 | 2.07 | 4.56 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
If the company price multiple is lower then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively undervalued.
Otherwise, if the company price multiple is higher then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively overvalued.
Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
Express Scripts Holding Co., historical price multiples
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/E ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/OP ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/S ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 but then increased from 2016 to 2017 not reaching 2015 level. |
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/BV ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |
Price to Earnings (P/E)
Express Scripts Holding Co., historical P/E calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 564,347,000 | 605,720,000 | 668,046,000 | 726,898,000 | 776,032,000 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Net income attributable to Express Scripts (in thousands) | 4,517,400) | 3,404,400) | 2,476,400) | 2,007,600) | 1,844,600) | |
| Earnings per share (EPS)2 | 8.00 | 5.62 | 3.71 | 2.76 | 2.38 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 78.64 | 69.63 | 68.65 | 86.72 | 77.12 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/E ratio4 | 9.82 | 12.39 | 18.52 | 31.40 | 32.44 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/E Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Danaher Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2017 Calculation
EPS = Net income attributable to Express Scripts ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 4,517,400,000 ÷ 564,347,000 = 8.00
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Express Scripts Holding Co. Annual Report.
4 2017 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= 78.64 ÷ 8.00 = 9.82
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/E ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
Express Scripts Holding Co., historical P/OP calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 564,347,000 | 605,720,000 | 668,046,000 | 726,898,000 | 776,032,000 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Operating income (in thousands) | 5,494,000) | 5,087,800) | 4,339,300) | 3,602,400) | 3,551,700) | |
| Operating profit per share2 | 9.74 | 8.40 | 6.50 | 4.96 | 4.58 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 78.64 | 69.63 | 68.65 | 86.72 | 77.12 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/OP ratio4 | 8.08 | 8.29 | 10.57 | 17.50 | 16.85 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/OP Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Danaher Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2017 Calculation
Operating profit per share = Operating income ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 5,494,000,000 ÷ 564,347,000 = 9.74
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Express Scripts Holding Co. Annual Report.
4 2017 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= 78.64 ÷ 9.74 = 8.08
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/OP ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |
Price to Sales (P/S)
Express Scripts Holding Co., historical P/S calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 564,347,000 | 605,720,000 | 668,046,000 | 726,898,000 | 776,032,000 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Revenues (in thousands) | 100,064,600) | 100,287,500) | 101,751,800) | 100,887,100) | 104,098,800) | |
| Sales per share2 | 177.31 | 165.57 | 152.31 | 138.79 | 134.14 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 78.64 | 69.63 | 68.65 | 86.72 | 77.12 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/S ratio4 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.57 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/S Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Danaher Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2017 Calculation
Sales per share = Revenues ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 100,064,600,000 ÷ 564,347,000 = 177.31
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Express Scripts Holding Co. Annual Report.
4 2017 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= 78.64 ÷ 177.31 = 0.44
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/S ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 but then increased from 2016 to 2017 not reaching 2015 level. |
Price to Book Value (P/BV)
Express Scripts Holding Co., historical P/BV calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 564,347,000 | 605,720,000 | 668,046,000 | 726,898,000 | 776,032,000 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Total Express Scripts stockholders’ equity (in thousands) | 18,119,600) | 16,236,000) | 17,372,800) | 20,054,200) | 21,837,400) | |
| Book value per share (BVPS)2 | 32.11 | 26.80 | 26.01 | 27.59 | 28.14 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 78.64 | 69.63 | 68.65 | 86.72 | 77.12 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/BV ratio4 | 2.45 | 2.60 | 2.64 | 3.14 | 2.74 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/BV Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cigna Group | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Danaher Corp. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Humana Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2017 Calculation
BVPS = Total Express Scripts stockholders’ equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 18,119,600,000 ÷ 564,347,000 = 32.11
3 Closing price as at the filing date of Express Scripts Holding Co. Annual Report.
4 2017 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= 78.64 ÷ 32.11 = 2.45
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | Express Scripts Holding Co. P/BV ratio decreased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017. |