Stock Analysis on Net

Costco Wholesale Corp. (NASDAQ:COST)

Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios 
Quarterly Data

Microsoft Excel

Long-term Activity Ratios (Summary)

Costco Wholesale Corp., long-term (investment) activity ratios (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Nov 23, 2025 Aug 31, 2025 May 11, 2025 Feb 16, 2025 Nov 24, 2024 Sep 1, 2024 May 12, 2024 Feb 18, 2024 Nov 26, 2023 Sep 3, 2023 May 7, 2023 Feb 12, 2023 Nov 20, 2022 Aug 28, 2022 May 8, 2022 Feb 13, 2022 Nov 21, 2021 Aug 29, 2021 May 9, 2021 Feb 14, 2021 Nov 22, 2020
Net fixed asset turnover 8.43 8.46 8.62 8.69 8.65 8.60 8.87 8.84 8.87 8.91 8.91 8.94 9.02 9.04 8.84 8.57 8.34 8.18 7.89 7.77 7.60
Net fixed asset turnover (including operating lease, right-of-use asset) 7.78 7.79 7.92 8.01 7.97 7.89 8.11 8.04 8.08 8.09 8.04 8.05 8.12 8.12 7.94 7.67 7.43 7.28 7.02 6.88 6.75
Total asset turnover 3.32 3.50 3.49 3.54 3.46 3.57 3.66 3.68 3.27 3.45 3.46 3.44 3.43 3.47 3.34 3.27 3.10 3.24 3.19 3.19 2.81
Equity turnover 9.07 9.25 9.72 10.13 10.38 10.57 11.43 11.76 9.22 9.49 9.80 10.09 10.56 10.79 10.69 10.62 10.78 10.93 11.10 11.18 11.40

Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-11-23), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-08-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-05-11), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-02-16), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-11-24), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-09-01), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-05-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-02-18), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-11-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-03), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-05-07), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-02-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-11-20), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-08-28), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-05-08), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-02-13), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-11-21), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-08-29), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-05-09), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-02-14), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-11-22).


The analysis of the quarterly financial ratios indicates several key trends in the asset utilization and equity efficiency metrics over the periods observed.

Net Fixed Asset Turnover
This ratio shows a general increasing trend from 7.6 up to a peak near 9.04 before experiencing a gradual decline back to 8.43 by the final period. The initial increase suggests improving efficiency in utilizing fixed assets to generate sales, reaching maximum efficiency around the eighth to ninth period. The subsequent moderate decline indicates a slight decrease in this efficiency metric, although the ratio remains at a relatively high level compared to the starting point.
Net Fixed Asset Turnover Including Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset
Starting at 6.75, the ratio follows a similar upward trend, peaking slightly above 8.12 before a steadier decline to approximately 7.78 by the last period. This pattern denotes enhanced efficiency when considering leased assets alongside owned assets, but also reflects some reduced utilization after peak performance, mirroring the trend observed in the net fixed asset turnover without leases.
Total Asset Turnover
The total asset turnover ratio exhibits fluctuations with an overall positive trend from 2.81 to peaks around 3.68, indicating improved efficiency in using all assets to generate sales. However, post-peak periods show some volatility and a gradual decrease to 3.32 towards the end, suggesting potential challenges in maintaining asset utilization efficiency at the peak levels.
Equity Turnover
This ratio trends downward from an initial 11.4 to a low near 9.07, with a notable temporary increase around the fourteenth period reaching above 11.7. The decreasing overall trend may imply a reduction in the efficiency of equity usage to produce revenue, despite a transient recovery phase. The steady decline in equity turnover over most of the periods could warrant further investigation into underlying causes such as changes in equity structure or revenue growth rates.

In summary, asset turnover metrics generally improved in the early and mid periods but faced a downturn in later quarters, suggesting possible saturation or investment in assets not immediately yielding proportional revenue increases. Conversely, the equity turnover exhibits a declining trend with intermittent recovery, highlighting a possible evolving relationship between equity financing and revenue generation efficiency. These patterns suggest a need for balanced asset management and financial strategy to sustain operational efficiency in the forthcoming periods.


Net Fixed Asset Turnover

Costco Wholesale Corp., net fixed asset turnover calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Nov 23, 2025 Aug 31, 2025 May 11, 2025 Feb 16, 2025 Nov 24, 2024 Sep 1, 2024 May 12, 2024 Feb 18, 2024 Nov 26, 2023 Sep 3, 2023 May 7, 2023 Feb 12, 2023 Nov 20, 2022 Aug 28, 2022 May 8, 2022 Feb 13, 2022 Nov 21, 2021 Aug 29, 2021 May 9, 2021 Feb 14, 2021 Nov 22, 2020
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net sales 65,978 84,432 61,965 62,530 60,985 78,185 57,392 57,331 56,717 77,430 52,604 54,239 53,437 70,764 51,612 50,937 49,417 61,441 44,376 43,888 42,347
Property and equipment, net 32,616 31,909 30,582 29,809 29,336 29,032 28,062 27,601 27,168 26,684 25,931 25,724 25,144 24,646 24,143 24,052 23,887 23,492 23,177 22,531 22,288
Long-term Activity Ratio
Net fixed asset turnover1 8.43 8.46 8.62 8.69 8.65 8.60 8.87 8.84 8.87 8.91 8.91 8.94 9.02 9.04 8.84 8.57 8.34 8.18 7.89 7.77 7.60
Benchmarks
Net Fixed Asset Turnover, Competitors2
Target Corp. 3.19 3.23 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.25 3.22 3.28 3.37 3.46 3.52 3.62 3.73 3.76 3.70 3.68 3.66 3.48 3.31 3.17 3.01
Walmart Inc. 5.33 5.35 5.44 5.48 5.53 5.51 5.59 5.67 5.74 5.73 5.82 5.79 5.75 5.74 5.88 5.87 5.88 5.77 5.08 5.08 4.98

Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-11-23), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-08-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-05-11), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-02-16), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-11-24), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-09-01), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-05-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-02-18), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-11-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-03), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-05-07), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-02-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-11-20), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-08-28), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-05-08), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-02-13), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-11-21), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-08-29), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-05-09), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-02-14), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-11-22).

1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Net fixed asset turnover = (Net salesQ1 2026 + Net salesQ4 2025 + Net salesQ3 2025 + Net salesQ2 2025) ÷ Property and equipment, net
= (65,978 + 84,432 + 61,965 + 62,530) ÷ 32,616 = 8.43

2 Click competitor name to see calculations.


The analyzed financial data reveals several trends across the reported periods. Net sales exhibit a generally increasing pattern with notable fluctuations. Initial sales start at 42,347 million US dollars and demonstrate steady growth through the earlier quarters, reaching peaks such as 77,430 million and 78,185 million in certain periods. However, there are intermittent declines or plateaus, suggesting periods of volatility or seasonal variation.

Regarding property and equipment, net values show a consistent upward trajectory. Beginning at 22,288 million US dollars, the net property and equipment increase steadily over time, reaching 32,616 million by the end of the observed period. This trend indicates ongoing capital investment and asset growth, likely supporting operational expansion or maintenance efforts.

The net fixed asset turnover ratio starts at 7.6 and increases to peaks around the 9.04 mark, reflecting improving efficiency in utilizing fixed assets to generate sales. After reaching these peaks, the ratio experiences a gradual decline toward 8.43 in the final period. This decrease may imply slightly reduced operational efficiency or changes in asset composition, despite the increasing asset base.

Net Sales
Overall upward trend with substantial growth interspersed with fluctuations and short-term declines, signaling seasonality or market influences.
Property and Equipment, Net
Consistent increase over time, indicating ongoing investment and asset accumulation supporting business operations.
Net Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
Improved asset utilization efficiency in the first half of the periods followed by a moderate decrease, suggesting potential capacity constraints or shifts in asset productivity.

Net Fixed Asset Turnover (including Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset)

Costco Wholesale Corp., net fixed asset turnover (including operating lease, right-of-use asset) calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Nov 23, 2025 Aug 31, 2025 May 11, 2025 Feb 16, 2025 Nov 24, 2024 Sep 1, 2024 May 12, 2024 Feb 18, 2024 Nov 26, 2023 Sep 3, 2023 May 7, 2023 Feb 12, 2023 Nov 20, 2022 Aug 28, 2022 May 8, 2022 Feb 13, 2022 Nov 21, 2021 Aug 29, 2021 May 9, 2021 Feb 14, 2021 Nov 22, 2020
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net sales 65,978 84,432 61,965 62,530 60,985 78,185 57,392 57,331 56,717 77,430 52,604 54,239 53,437 70,764 51,612 50,937 49,417 61,441 44,376 43,888 42,347
 
Property and equipment, net 32,616 31,909 30,582 29,809 29,336 29,032 28,062 27,601 27,168 26,684 25,931 25,724 25,144 24,646 24,143 24,052 23,887 23,492 23,177 22,531 22,288
Operating lease right-of-use assets 2,730 2,725 2,718 2,531 2,539 2,617 2,643 2,740 2,672 2,713 2,806 2,859 2,787 2,774 2,731 2,840 2,903 2,890 2,875 2,887 2,785
Property and equipment, net (including operating lease, right-of-use asset) 35,346 34,634 33,300 32,340 31,875 31,649 30,705 30,341 29,840 29,397 28,737 28,583 27,931 27,420 26,874 26,892 26,790 26,382 26,052 25,418 25,073
Long-term Activity Ratio
Net fixed asset turnover (including operating lease, right-of-use asset)1 7.78 7.79 7.92 8.01 7.97 7.89 8.11 8.04 8.08 8.09 8.04 8.05 8.12 8.12 7.94 7.67 7.43 7.28 7.02 6.88 6.75
Benchmarks
Net Fixed Asset Turnover (including Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset), Competitors2
Target Corp. 2.87 2.90 2.95 2.93 2.91 2.95 2.95 3.02 3.12 3.19 3.24 3.33 3.42 3.45 3.39 3.37 3.36 3.21 3.06 2.92 2.78
Walmart Inc. 4.82 4.83 4.89 4.93 4.96 4.93 4.99 5.04 5.09 5.08 5.15 5.09 5.04 5.04 5.14 5.13 5.14 5.05 4.38 4.38 4.30

Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-11-23), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-08-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-05-11), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-02-16), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-11-24), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-09-01), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-05-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-02-18), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-11-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-03), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-05-07), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-02-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-11-20), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-08-28), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-05-08), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-02-13), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-11-21), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-08-29), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-05-09), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-02-14), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-11-22).

1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Net fixed asset turnover (including operating lease, right-of-use asset) = (Net salesQ1 2026 + Net salesQ4 2025 + Net salesQ3 2025 + Net salesQ2 2025) ÷ Property and equipment, net (including operating lease, right-of-use asset)
= (65,978 + 84,432 + 61,965 + 62,530) ÷ 35,346 = 7.78

2 Click competitor name to see calculations.


The analysis of the presented financial data reveals several notable trends in sales, assets, and operational efficiency metrics over the specified periods.

Net Sales
Net sales exhibit a pattern of general growth with significant quarterly fluctuations. Beginning at approximately 42.3 billion US dollars, sales experience marked spikes in certain quarters, notably in August 2021, August 2022, and August 2024, where sales exceed 70 billion US dollars. These peaks suggest strong seasonal or promotional periods contributing substantially to revenue. Despite some fluctuations, the overall trajectory between consecutive years remains upward, indicating consistent demand and expansion. The quarterly variability indicates a cyclical nature inherent in the company’s sales performance.
Property and Equipment, Net
The net value of property and equipment, inclusive of operating lease right-of-use assets, shows a steady but moderate upward trend throughout the timeline. Starting near 25.1 billion US dollars, this asset base gradually increases to over 35.3 billion by the final period. Such incremental investment in fixed assets suggests ongoing capital expenditure and infrastructure development to support business operations. The steady increase points toward strategic asset growth aligned with sales expansion.
Net Fixed Asset Turnover
The ratio of net fixed asset turnover, which measures efficiency in generating sales from fixed assets, starts at 6.75 and generally improves, reaching a peak above 8.11 in early 2024. After this peak, a slight decline follows, with turnover levels stabilizing around 7.7 to 8.0 in later periods. This pattern reflects enhanced utilization of net fixed assets to drive sales up to a certain point, followed by a mild decrease in efficiency, potentially indicating diminishing marginal returns from asset base expansion or shifts in operational strategy.

In summary, the company's financial data depicts solid sales growth with notable quarterly peaks. Investment in property and equipment expands steadily, supporting increased capacity and business scope. Operational efficiency, as measured by fixed asset turnover, improves considerably over time but faces a slight downturn in the most recent periods. These trends collectively suggest effective scaling of operations, tempered by the natural challenges of sustaining peak asset efficiency over prolonged expansion phases.


Total Asset Turnover

Costco Wholesale Corp., total asset turnover calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Nov 23, 2025 Aug 31, 2025 May 11, 2025 Feb 16, 2025 Nov 24, 2024 Sep 1, 2024 May 12, 2024 Feb 18, 2024 Nov 26, 2023 Sep 3, 2023 May 7, 2023 Feb 12, 2023 Nov 20, 2022 Aug 28, 2022 May 8, 2022 Feb 13, 2022 Nov 21, 2021 Aug 29, 2021 May 9, 2021 Feb 14, 2021 Nov 22, 2020
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net sales 65,978 84,432 61,965 62,530 60,985 78,185 57,392 57,331 56,717 77,430 52,604 54,239 53,437 70,764 51,612 50,937 49,417 61,441 44,376 43,888 42,347
Total assets 82,790 77,099 75,482 73,224 73,386 69,831 67,911 66,323 73,723 68,994 66,752 66,848 66,027 64,166 63,852 63,078 64,149 59,268 57,274 54,918 60,217
Long-term Activity Ratio
Total asset turnover1 3.32 3.50 3.49 3.54 3.46 3.57 3.66 3.68 3.27 3.45 3.46 3.44 3.43 3.47 3.34 3.27 3.10 3.24 3.19 3.19 2.81
Benchmarks
Total Asset Turnover, Competitors2
Target Corp. 1.88 1.84 1.84 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.90 2.03 2.10 2.05 1.95 2.06 2.10 1.97 1.90 1.95 1.94 1.83 1.75 1.76 1.79
Walmart Inc. 2.59 2.59 2.53 2.59 2.56 2.55 2.44 2.45 2.52 2.49 2.40 2.36 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.35 2.36 2.20 2.17 2.27 2.28

Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-11-23), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-08-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-05-11), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-02-16), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-11-24), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-09-01), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-05-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-02-18), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-11-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-03), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-05-07), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-02-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-11-20), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-08-28), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-05-08), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-02-13), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-11-21), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-08-29), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-05-09), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-02-14), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-11-22).

1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Total asset turnover = (Net salesQ1 2026 + Net salesQ4 2025 + Net salesQ3 2025 + Net salesQ2 2025) ÷ Total assets
= (65,978 + 84,432 + 61,965 + 62,530) ÷ 82,790 = 3.32

2 Click competitor name to see calculations.


Net Sales
Net sales exhibit a generally increasing trend over the observed periods, with notable seasonal fluctuations. Starting at approximately $42.3 billion, net sales peak significantly in mid-year quarters, particularly visible in August 2021, August 2022, September 2023, and similar periods where sales surpass $77 billion and $78 billion respectively. These peaks suggest strong demand in specific quarters, likely linked to seasonal consumer behaviors or promotional events. Between peak quarters, net sales show a moderate decline but maintain a level well above the early phase values, indicating overall growth and resilience in revenue generation over the years.
Total Assets
Total assets show a steady upward progression from about $60.2 billion to over $82.7 billion by the last period. The growth trend is fairly consistent, with some fluctuations but no apparent declines across the observed timeline. The gradual increase in assets implies continuous investment and expansion, possibly through property, equipment, or inventory build-up, supporting the company's capacity to sustain higher sales volumes. This steady asset growth aligns with the company's strategy for scaling operations and maintaining competitive leverage.
Total Asset Turnover
The total asset turnover ratio generally remains stable within a range of approximately 2.8 to 3.7, reflecting effective utilization of assets in generating sales. Ratios tend to spike in certain periods, such as early 2024, indicating improved efficiency in asset use. Despite some variation, the ratio does not show any significant decline, implying consistent operational performance. The ratio peaks tend to correlate with quarters that have high net sales, suggesting optimal use of assets during periods of increased demand. Towards the latest periods, a mild decrease is observed, which could signify slightly less efficient asset use relative to sales growth, yet the ratio remains strong overall.
Summary
The company demonstrates a positive growth trajectory in both net sales and total assets over the time periods analyzed. Seasonal peaks in sales are evident, indicating effective capitalizing on market cycles. The total asset turnover ratio confirms sustained efficiency in utilizing assets to generate revenue, despite minor fluctuations. Collectively, these trends illustrate a financially stable and expanding business with a capacity to leverage its assets efficiently to support rising sales demands.

Equity Turnover

Costco Wholesale Corp., equity turnover calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Nov 23, 2025 Aug 31, 2025 May 11, 2025 Feb 16, 2025 Nov 24, 2024 Sep 1, 2024 May 12, 2024 Feb 18, 2024 Nov 26, 2023 Sep 3, 2023 May 7, 2023 Feb 12, 2023 Nov 20, 2022 Aug 28, 2022 May 8, 2022 Feb 13, 2022 Nov 21, 2021 Aug 29, 2021 May 9, 2021 Feb 14, 2021 Nov 22, 2020
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net sales 65,978 84,432 61,965 62,530 60,985 78,185 57,392 57,331 56,717 77,430 52,604 54,239 53,437 70,764 51,612 50,937 49,417 61,441 44,376 43,888 42,347
Total Costco stockholders’ equity 30,303 29,164 27,125 25,577 24,451 23,622 21,771 20,760 26,147 25,058 23,568 22,794 21,471 20,642 19,968 19,418 18,463 17,564 16,482 15,652 14,860
Long-term Activity Ratio
Equity turnover1 9.07 9.25 9.72 10.13 10.38 10.57 11.43 11.76 9.22 9.49 9.80 10.09 10.56 10.79 10.69 10.62 10.78 10.93 11.10 11.18 11.40
Benchmarks
Equity Turnover, Competitors2
Target Corp. 7.08 7.27 7.42 7.44 7.70 8.00 8.54 9.01 9.42 9.72 9.87 10.18 9.93 8.26 7.49 6.75 6.56 6.48 6.65 6.73 7.17
Walmart Inc. 8.10 7.41 7.58 7.81 8.02 7.66 7.97 7.86 8.52 7.90 8.23 7.51 7.42 6.82 6.89 6.98 7.13 6.86 6.69 7.14 7.78

Based on: 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-11-23), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-08-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-05-11), 10-Q (reporting date: 2025-02-16), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-11-24), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-09-01), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-05-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2024-02-18), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-11-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-03), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-05-07), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-02-12), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-11-20), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-08-28), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-05-08), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-02-13), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-11-21), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-08-29), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-05-09), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-02-14), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-11-22).

1 Q1 2026 Calculation
Equity turnover = (Net salesQ1 2026 + Net salesQ4 2025 + Net salesQ3 2025 + Net salesQ2 2025) ÷ Total Costco stockholders’ equity
= (65,978 + 84,432 + 61,965 + 62,530) ÷ 30,303 = 9.07

2 Click competitor name to see calculations.


Net Sales
Over the examined periods, net sales demonstrate a generally increasing trend with noticeable seasonal fluctuations. There are significant spikes in certain quarters, particularly in late summer and late fall months, indicating potential seasonality or promotional events influencing revenue. Despite occasional dips following peak sales, the overall trajectory is upward, with net sales rising from approximately $42.3 billion to over $65.9 billion by the most recent quarter. This pattern suggests growth in the company’s revenue-generating capacity over time.
Total Costco Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ equity consistently increases throughout the periods, showing steady capital growth and value accumulation. Starting from around $14.9 billion, it rises steadily to exceed $30.3 billion by the end of the timeline. This indicates ongoing retention of earnings and potentially positive returns on equity or additional equity financing. The rise points to financial strengthening, providing a solid base for the company’s operations and investment potential.
Equity Turnover Ratio
The equity turnover ratio shows a gradual downward trend overall, moving from an initial high of 11.4 to approximately 9.07 in the latest period. This decline implies that for each dollar of equity, the company is generating less revenue than in earlier periods. There are minor fluctuations within this downward movement, including a short-term rebound in certain quarters, but the persistent decline suggests a possible reduction in operational efficiency or changes in capital management strategy. This trend could indicate increased equity without proportional revenue growth or a shift in business strategy affecting turnover.
Overall Analysis
The combined analysis of net sales, equity, and turnover ratios illustrates a growing and capital-accumulating enterprise with strong revenue performance marked by seasonal spikes. However, the declining equity turnover ratio signals a need to investigate how effectively equity capital is being utilized to generate revenue. The financial data reflect expansion and solid equity base enhancement but also suggest potential challenges in maintaining operational efficiency relative to equity growth.