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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread Ratio
Economic Profit Margin

Raytheon Co., economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11).

¹ NOPAT. See details »

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

<>⁴ 2018 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
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Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Raytheon Co.’s economic profit decreased from 2016 to 2017 but then increased from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level.

Raytheon Co., NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net income attributable to Raytheon Company
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents³
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁴
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁵
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁶
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁷
	Investment income, after taxes⁸
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax⁹
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11).

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Raytheon Company.

⁴ 2018 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁵ 2018 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁶ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Raytheon Company.

⁷ 2018 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁸ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

⁹ Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Raytheon Co.’s NOPAT decreased from 2016 to 2017 but then increased from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level.

Raytheon Co., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Provision for federal and foreign income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Raytheon Co.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 but then decreased significantly from 2017 to 2018.

Raytheon Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Commercial paper
	Long-term debt
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total Raytheon Company stockholders’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	Equity equivalents⁴
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁵
	Redeemable noncontrolling interest
	Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries
	Adjusted total Raytheon Company stockholders’ equity
	Short-term investments⁶
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-13), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of equity equivalents to total Raytheon Company stockholders’ equity.

⁵ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁶ Subtraction of short-term investments.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Raytheon Co.’s invested capital increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Raytheon Co., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Commercial paper and long-term debt³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-13).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »