Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
CVS Health Corp., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 5,319) | 9,523) | 3,871) | 9,170) | 9,067) | |
| Invested capital2 | 131,642) | 134,694) | 123,703) | 130,882) | 136,669) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | 4.04% | 7.07% | 3.13% | 7.01% | 6.63% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 9.32% | 8.87% | 10.96% | 11.30% | 8.01% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 8.97% | 9.21% | 10.24% | 11.26% | 8.37% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 28.75% | 22.30% | 22.01% | 37.63% | 25.62% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 5.44% | 5.89% | 7.02% | 5.59% | 6.20% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 9.54% | 14.59% | 13.68% | 13.51% | 13.84% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 5,319 ÷ 131,642 = 4.04%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | CVS Health Corp. ROIC improved from 2022 to 2023 but then slightly deteriorated from 2023 to 2024 not reaching 2022 level. |
Decomposition of ROIC
CVS Health Corp., decomposition of ROIC
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the decrease in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2024 year is the decrease in profitability measured by operating profit margin (OPM) ratio.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
CVS Health Corp., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 5,319) | 9,523) | 3,871) | 9,170) | 9,067) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,464) | 3,965) | 4,013) | 3,407) | 3,769) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 7,783) | 13,488) | 7,884) | 12,577) | 12,836) | |
| Revenues from customers | 370,656) | 356,623) | 321,629) | 290,912) | 267,908) | |
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | 2.10% | 3.78% | 2.45% | 4.32% | 4.79% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 17.23% | 16.84% | 20.24% | 20.37% | 16.05% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 5.46% | 5.32% | 5.64% | 6.58% | 5.88% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 32.39% | 28.14% | 26.19% | 33.56% | 28.14% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 17.14% | 19.63% | 19.15% | 16.48% | 17.88% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 6.31% | 9.14% | 9.13% | 8.33% | 9.15% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Revenues from customers
= 100 × 7,783 ÷ 370,656 = 2.10%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | CVS Health Corp. OPM improved from 2022 to 2023 but then deteriorated significantly from 2023 to 2024. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
CVS Health Corp., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Revenues from customers | 370,656) | 356,623) | 321,629) | 290,912) | 267,908) | |
| Invested capital1 | 131,642) | 134,694) | 123,703) | 130,882) | 136,669) | |
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | 2.82 | 2.65 | 2.60 | 2.22 | 1.96 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.57 | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 2.24 | 2.44 | 2.33 | 2.14 | 2.13 | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 1.07 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.27 | 0.98 | |
| Medtronic PLC | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.41 | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 1.99 | 2.01 | 1.95 | 2.04 | 1.96 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
TO = Revenues from customers ÷ Invested capital
= 370,656 ÷ 131,642 = 2.82
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | CVS Health Corp. TO improved from 2022 to 2023 and from 2023 to 2024. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
CVS Health Corp., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 5,319) | 9,523) | 3,871) | 9,170) | 9,067) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,464) | 3,965) | 4,013) | 3,407) | 3,769) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 7,783) | 13,488) | 7,884) | 12,577) | 12,836) | |
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | 31.66% | 29.40% | 50.90% | 27.09% | 29.36% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 22.50% | 21.67% | 23.97% | 20.05% | 12.92% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 26.66% | 29.13% | 22.01% | 20.22% | 33.27% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 17.42% | 20.94% | 27.40% | 11.76% | 6.67% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 32.75% | 32.28% | 19.53% | 18.59% | 14.72% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 24.04% | 20.64% | 23.25% | 20.32% | 22.88% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × 2,464 ÷ 7,783 = 31.66%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | CVS Health Corp. CTR decreased from 2022 to 2023 but then slightly increased from 2023 to 2024. |