In discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation techniques the value of the stock is estimated based upon present value of some measure of cash flow. Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is generally described as cash flows available to the equity holder after payments to debt holders and after allowing for expenditures to maintain the company asset base.
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CVS Health Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Cash Flow Statement
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2005
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Intrinsic Stock Value (Valuation Summary)
Year | Value | FCFEt or Terminal value (TVt) | Calculation | Present value at |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 | FCFE0 | |||
1 | FCFE1 | = × (1 + ) | ||
2 | FCFE2 | = × (1 + ) | ||
3 | FCFE3 | = × (1 + ) | ||
4 | FCFE4 | = × (1 + ) | ||
5 | FCFE5 | = × (1 + ) | ||
5 | Terminal value (TV5) | = × (1 + ) ÷ ( – ) | ||
Intrinsic value of CVS Health Corp. common stock | ||||
Intrinsic value of CVS Health Corp. common stock (per share) | ||||
Current share price |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
Disclaimer!
Valuation is based on standard assumptions. There may exist specific factors relevant to stock value and omitted here. In such a case, the real stock value may differ significantly form the estimated. If you want to use the estimated intrinsic stock value in investment decision making process, do so at your own risk.
Required Rate of Return (r)
Assumptions | ||
Rate of return on LT Treasury Composite1 | RF | |
Expected rate of return on market portfolio2 | E(RM) | |
Systematic risk of CVS Health Corp. common stock | βCVS | |
Required rate of return on CVS Health Corp. common stock3 | rCVS |
1 Unweighted average of bid yields on all outstanding fixed-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds neither due or callable in less than 10 years (risk-free rate of return proxy).
3 rCVS = RF + βCVS [E(RM) – RF]
= + [ – ]
=
FCFE Growth Rate (g)
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
2021 Calculations
1 Retention rate = (Net income (loss) attributable to CVS Health – Common stock dividends) ÷ Net income (loss) attributable to CVS Health
= ( – ) ÷
=
2 Profit margin = 100 × Net income (loss) attributable to CVS Health ÷ Revenues from customers
= 100 × ÷
=
3 Asset turnover = Revenues from customers ÷ Total assets
= ÷
=
4 Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity
= ÷
=
5 g = Retention rate × Profit margin × Asset turnover × Financial leverage
= × × ×
=
FCFE growth rate (g) implied by single-stage model
g = 100 × (Equity market value0 × r – FCFE0) ÷ (Equity market value0 + FCFE0)
= 100 × ( × – ) ÷ ( + )
=
where:
Equity market value0 = current market value of CVS Health Corp. common stock (US$ in millions)
FCFE0 = the last year CVS Health Corp. free cash flow to equity (US$ in millions)
r = required rate of return on CVS Health Corp. common stock
Year | Value | gt |
---|---|---|
1 | g1 | |
2 | g2 | |
3 | g3 | |
4 | g4 | |
5 and thereafter | g5 |
where:
g1 is implied by PRAT model
g5 is implied by single-stage model
g2, g3 and g4 are calculated using linear interpoltion between g1 and g5
Calculations
g2 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= + ( – ) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
=
g3 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= + ( – ) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
=
g4 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= + ( – ) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
=