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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread
Economic Profit Margin

CSX Corp., economic profit calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 30, 2016	Dec 25, 2015	Dec 26, 2014	Dec 27, 2013
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-12).

2017 Calculations

¹ NOPAT. See Details »

² Cost of capital. See Details »

³ Invested capital. See Details »

⁴ Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden – hidden × hidden = hidden

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	CSX Corp.’s economic profit declined from 2015 to 2016 but then slightly increased from 2016 to 2017.

CSX Corp., NOPAT calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 30, 2016	Dec 25, 2015	Dec 26, 2014	Dec 27, 2013
	Net earnings
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in restructuring charge liability³
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁴
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease obligations⁵
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁶
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁷
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁸
	Investment income, after taxes⁹
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-12).

2017 Calculations

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See Details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring charge liability.

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings.

⁵ Addition of interest expense on capitalized operating leases. See Details »

⁶ Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 35.00% = hidden

⁷ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings.

⁸ Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 35.00% = hidden

⁹ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	CSX Corp.’s NOPAT declined from 2015 to 2016 but then slightly increased from 2016 to 2017.

CSX Corp., cash operating taxes calculation

USD $ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 30, 2016	Dec 25, 2015	Dec 26, 2014	Dec 27, 2013
	Income tax expense (benefit)
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-12).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	CSX Corp.’s cash operating taxes declined from 2015 to 2016 but then increased from 2016 to 2017 exceeding 2015 level.

CSX Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

USD $ in millions

		Dec 31, 2017	Dec 30, 2016	Dec 25, 2015	Dec 26, 2014	Dec 27, 2013
	Current maturities of long-term debt
	Long-term debt, excluding current maturities
	PV of operating lease payments¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Shareholders’ equity, attributable to CSX
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	Restructuring charge liability⁴
	Equity equivalents⁵
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁶
	Noncontrolling minority interest
	Adjusted shareholders’ equity, attributable to CSX
	Construction in progress⁷
	Investments at fair value⁸
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-14), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-11), 10-K (filing date: 2014-02-12).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases. See Details »

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See Details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of restructuring charge liability.

⁵ Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity, attributable to CSX.

⁶ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁷ Subtraction of construction in progress.

⁸ Subtraction of investments at fair value.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	CSX Corp.’s invested capital increased from 2015 to 2016 and from 2016 to 2017.

CSX Corp., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Long-term debt, including current maturities³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
PV of operating lease payments⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-07).

¹ USD $ in millions

² Equity. See Details »