Economic Value Added (EVA)
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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Amazon.com Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Cash Flow Statement
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Price to FCFE (P/FCFE)
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Return on Assets (ROA) since 2005
- Debt to Equity since 2005
- Total Asset Turnover since 2005
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Economic Profit
Amazon.com Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT experienced significant fluctuations over the analyzed period. It increased sharply from 24,183 million USD in 2020 to 37,525 million USD in 2021, indicating enhanced operational efficiency or profitability. However, in 2022, NOPAT turned negative, registering a loss of 5,619 million USD, suggesting operational challenges or extraordinary costs during that year. The figure rebounded strongly in 2023 to 31,856 million USD and showed substantial growth in 2024 to 58,988 million USD, exceeding previous highs and indicating a strong recovery and improved profitability.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained relatively stable throughout the period, fluctuating slightly between 14.66% and 15.6%. There was a slight decrease from 15.49% in 2020 to 14.66% in 2022, followed by a gradual increase to 15.6% by 2024. This stability suggests consistent market or firm-specific risk expectations during these years.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a consistent and substantial upward trend over the five-year period. Starting at 150,160 million USD in 2020, it increased steadily each year, reaching 375,421 million USD by 2024. This growth reflects significant expansion or reinvestment in the company's operations, assets, or infrastructure, more than doubling invested capital within five years.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibited considerable volatility. In 2020, it was positive but modest at 917 million USD, rising sharply to 6,638 million USD in 2021, reflecting strong value creation. However, this was followed by a substantial decline into negative territory, with economic profit plummeting to -45,096 million USD in 2022 and remaining negative at -18,100 million USD in 2023. This indicates that the company’s return on invested capital fell below its cost of capital during these years, implying value destruction despite increasing invested capital. By 2024, economic profit returned to a slight positive figure of 423 million USD, suggesting a return to value creation, though at a much lower level than the peak in 2021.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Amazon.com Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in unearned revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss).
5 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss).
8 2024 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income (Loss)
- The net income fluctuated significantly over the five-year period. Beginning at $21,331 million in 2020, there was a substantial increase to $33,364 million in 2021. However, 2022 marked a notable downturn with a net loss of $2,722 million. This negative performance rebounded sharply in the subsequent years, reaching $30,425 million in 2023 and further rising to $59,248 million in 2024. The data indicates a strong recovery and growth trajectory after the loss experienced in 2022.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT followed a similar pattern to net income, starting at $24,183 million in 2020 and rising to $37,525 million in 2021. It then experienced a sharp decline to a negative $5,619 million in 2022, deeper than the net income loss in the same year, indicating challenges in operating profitability. However, a significant recovery occurred in 2023 with NOPAT increasing to $31,856 million, followed by a strong increase to $58,988 million in 2024. This suggests an improvement in the company's core operational efficiency and profitability in the last two years.
- Overall Analysis
- The financial results reveal volatility, with a peak in 2021, a pronounced downturn in 2022, and substantial recovery and growth by 2024. The presence of negative figures in 2022 for both net income and NOPAT indicates operational and profitability challenges during that year. The subsequent rebound in 2023 and 2024 demonstrates strong adaptive or strategic measures resulting in enhanced earnings and operating profit, achieving new highs at the end of the evaluated period.
Cash Operating Taxes
Amazon.com Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
- Provision (benefit) for income taxes, net
- The net provision for income taxes showed considerable volatility over the observed periods. In 2020 and 2021, the provision increased significantly from 2,863 million USD to 4,791 million USD. However, the year 2022 presented an unusual pattern with a net tax benefit of -3,217 million USD, indicating a reversal or tax benefit situation rather than a conventional tax expense. Subsequently, the provision rose again sharply to 7,120 million USD in 2023 and further to 9,265 million USD in 2024, reflecting a substantial increase in tax obligations or adjustments during these years.
- Cash operating taxes
- Cash operating taxes exhibited a steadily increasing trend from 3,844 million USD in 2020 to 5,646 million USD in 2021, followed by a more moderate rise to 5,689 million USD in 2022. In 2023, there was a notable surge to 13,583 million USD, nearly doubling the previous year's amount. This upward momentum continued in 2024 with cash operating taxes reaching 14,023 million USD. The substantial increase observed in the last two years suggests significant growth in actual tax payments, potentially correlated with rising taxable income or changes in tax rates and regulations.
Invested Capital
Amazon.com Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of unearned revenue.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of construction in progress.
8 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total reported debt & leases
-
Over the five-year period, total reported debt and leases exhibited an overall increasing trend from 100,504 million US dollars in 2020 to a peak of 154,972 million in 2022. This increase suggests a significant rise in the company's leverage or obligations during these years. However, this peak level of debt was relatively maintained in 2023, with a slight decrease to 154,556 million, followed by a further moderate reduction to 147,838 million in 2024. The slight decline in the last two years might indicate strategic deleveraging or improved debt management efforts.
- Stockholders’ equity
-
Stockholders' equity demonstrated strong and consistent growth throughout the period under review. Starting at 93,404 million US dollars in 2020, equity levels increased markedly year over year, reaching 138,245 million in 2021 and continuing upward to 146,043 million in 2022. This growth accelerated significantly during 2023 and 2024, culminating in a sizable equity base of 285,970 million by the end of 2024. The substantial rise in equity in the final years suggests enhanced retained earnings, possible equity issuances, or asset revaluations, which strengthen the company's net asset position and financial stability.
- Invested capital
-
Invested capital showed a continuous and pronounced increase across the five years. Beginning at 150,160 million US dollars in 2020, it increased substantially to 202,836 million in 2021, then accelerated its upward trajectory to 269,358 million in 2022. The growth sustained momentum through 2023 and 2024, reaching 326,668 million and 375,421 million respectively. This pattern indicates significant expansion in the company's total capital employed in operations, possibly due to investments in long-term assets, acquisitions, or business growth initiatives.
Cost of Capital
Amazon.com Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance leases3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance leases. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance leases3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance leases. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance leases3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance leases. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance leases3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance leases. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance leases3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance leases. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Amazon.com Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Home Depot Inc. | ||||||
| Lowe’s Cos. Inc. | ||||||
| TJX Cos. Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit shows significant fluctuations over the analyzed periods. It increased markedly from 917 million USD in 2020 to a peak of 6,638 million USD in 2021. However, in the subsequent years, there is a sharp decline, with economic profit turning negative to -45,096 million USD in 2022 and -18,100 million USD in 2023, before recovering slightly to a marginal positive value of 423 million USD in 2024. This pattern indicates volatility in the firm's ability to generate returns above its cost of capital.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital shows a consistent upward trend throughout the period, rising from 150,160 million USD in 2020 to 375,421 million USD in 2024. This steady increase reflects ongoing expansion or reinvestment activities, suggesting the company has been steadily increasing its asset base or capital employed over time.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio follows a pattern similar to economic profit, indicating the spread between returns generated and the cost of capital. It improved from a low 0.61% in 2020 to a higher 3.27% in 2021, signaling better profitability relative to invested capital during this period. However, the ratio then deteriorates sharply into negative territory, reaching -16.74% in 2022 and -5.54% in 2023, which corresponds with the negative economic profits observed. By 2024, it recovers slightly to a near-neutral 0.11%, suggesting a very modest return above cost of capital.
- Overall Analysis
- The data reflects a phase of notable growth in invested capital, accompanied by volatile economic profitability. The peak performance in 2021 is followed by challenging years characterized by negative economic profit and spread ratios, implying possible operational or market difficulties reducing value creation. The slight recovery in 2024 may indicate initial stages of returning to positive economic returns, though profitability remains marginal relative to the invested capital.
Economic Profit Margin
Amazon.com Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Home Depot Inc. | ||||||
| Lowe’s Cos. Inc. | ||||||
| TJX Cos. Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Adjusted Net Sales
- Adjusted net sales display a consistent upward trend over the five-year period, increasing from approximately $387.5 billion in 2020 to about $641.6 billion in 2024. This reflects steady growth in revenue generation, with annual increases each year, indicating expanding business scale or stronger market demand.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit reveals significant volatility throughout the period. It starts positive at $917 million in 2020, rises substantially to $6.6 billion in 2021, then sharply declines to a large negative value of approximately -$45.1 billion in 2022. There is some recovery in 2023, reducing the loss to -$18.1 billion, followed by a return to a small positive value of $423 million in 2024. This pattern suggests major fluctuations in profitability and possibly changes in cost structures or capital charges affecting overall economic value creation.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin mirrors the fluctuations seen in economic profit. Starting from a modest 0.24% in 2020, it improves to 1.41% in 2021, indicating enhanced profitability relative to sales. However, it turns sharply negative to -8.74% in 2022 and partially recovers to -3.12% in 2023, before edging back into slight positive territory with 0.07% in 2024. This suggests challenges in maintaining profitability relative to sales volumes during the middle years, followed by stabilization.
- Overall Insights
- The data reveal strong revenue growth without uniform profitability gains. The period from 2022 to 2023 is marked by substantial economic losses despite increasing sales, indicating that growth may have been accompanied by rising costs, investments, or other expenses that outweighed returns. The partial recovery in 2024 hints at improved operational efficiency or cost management. Close attention to factors driving economic profit volatility would be critical for sustainable value creation.