Financial statement analysis and common stock valuation

Common Stock Valuation Ratios

Relative valuation technique determine the value of Linde plc by comparing it to similar entities (like industry or sector) on the basis of several relative ratios that compare its stock price to relevant variables that affect the stock value, such as earnings, book value, and sales.

• Current Valuation Ratios
• Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
• Price to Earnings (P/E)
• Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
• Price to Sales (P/S)
• Price to Book Value (P/BV)

Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets

Assets components shown as percentage of total assets.

DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin

An approach to decomposing Linde plc return on equity, return on assets, and net profit margin ratio as the product of other financial ratios.

• Two-Component Disaggregation of ROE
• Three-Component Disaggregation of ROE
• Five-Component Disaggregation of ROE
• Two-Component Disaggregation of ROA
• Four-Component Disaggregation of ROA
• Disaggregation of Net Profit Margin

Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

The liabilities and stockholders’ equity reports major classes and amounts of external claims on assets and owners’ capital contributions, and other internally generated sources of capital.

Price to FCFE (P/FCFE)

Free cash flow to equity is the cash flow available to Linde plc equity holders after all operating expenses, interest, and principal payments have been paid and necessary investments in working and fixed capital have been made.

• Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
• P to FCFE Ratio, Current
• P to FCFE Ratio, Historical

Common-Size Income Statement
Quarterly Data

Income statement components (revenues and expenses) shown as percentage of total sales.

Common-Size Income Statement

Income statement components (revenues and expenses) shown as percentage of total sales.

Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

The dividend discount model (DDM) is a technique for estimating the value of a share of Linde plc common stock issue as the present value of all future dividends.

• Intrinsic Stock Value (Valuation Summary)
• Required Rate of Return (r)
• Dividend Growth Rate (g)

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

CAPM is a theory concentrated with deriving the expected rates of return on risky assets based on the assets’ systematic risk levels. Systematic risk is the variability of returns that is due to macroeconomic factors that affect all risky assets. It cannot be eliminated by diversification.

• Rates of Return
• Variance and Covariance
• Systematic Risk (β) Estimation
• Expected Rate of Return

Analysis of Geographic Areas

Linde plc operates in 8 regions: United States; China; Germany; United Kingdom; Australia; Mexico; Brazil; and Other, non-U.S..

• Area Asset Turnover
• Sales
• Long-lived assets